DNS resolution is the process of converting a human-readable domain name into an IP address that computers use to identify each other on the Internet. This process allows users to access websites using easily memorable domain names rather than numerical IP addresses.

• Resolution Steps: DNS resolution involves multiple steps. When a user enters a domain name into their browser, the request is first sent to a Recursive Name Server. If the recursive server does not have the IP address cached, it queries other servers in the DNS hierarchy, including Root Name Servers, Top-Level Domain (TLD) Name Servers, and Authoritative Name Servers, to find the required IP address.
• Caching: To improve efficiency and reduce the load on DNS servers, DNS resolution involves caching. Once a DNS query is resolved, the result is stored in the server’s cache for a specified duration (known as the Time To Live (TTL)) so that subsequent requests for the same domain can be answered more quickly.

• Internet Navigation: DNS resolution is crucial for the usability of the internet. It enables users to navigate the web using easily memorable domain names, such as www.example.com, rather than having to remember numerical IP addresses.
• Performance Considerations: Efficient DNS resolution is important for reducing latency and improving user experience. Optimizations such as distributed DNS infrastructure and caching mechanisms help to ensure that DNS queries are resolved quickly and reliably.

• DNS Security: DNS resolution can be vulnerable to various security threats, including DNS spoofing and cache poisoning. To mitigate these risks, measures such as DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions) are implemented to ensure the integrity and authenticity of DNS data.
• Privacy Concerns: DNS queries can reveal sensitive information about user behavior. To address privacy concerns, technologies like DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over TLS (DoT) are used to encrypt DNS queries and protect user privacy.

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System
• https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/what-is-dns-resolution/
• https://www.dns-oarc.net/