Higher-level abstractions refer to simplified and more intuitive representations of complex underlying systems or concepts, designed to hide implementation details and provide a more manageable and understandable interface for users or developers. In the context of computer science and software engineering, higher-level abstractions often abstract away low-level details and complexities, allowing users to interact with systems or programming constructs at a higher level of conceptualization. For example, in programming languages, higher-level abstractions such as functions, classes, and libraries encapsulate complex algorithms and data structures, enabling developers to write code more efficiently and effectively without needing to understand the underlying machine instructions or memory management. Similarly, in networking and distributed systems, higher-level abstractions such as virtual networks, APIs, and service-oriented architectures (SOA) provide simplified views of complex network topologies, protocols, and services, facilitating easier management, integration, and development of networked applications. Higher-level abstractions play a crucial role in improving productivity, reducing complexity, and promoting interoperability and reuse in software development and system design. [Reference: s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)]