TLDR: Misconfigured key rotation, addressed in the OWASP Top Ten under “Cryptographic Failures,” can lead to the exposure of sensitive data if keys remain static or are rotated improperly. Issues such as incomplete key replacement, lack of automation, and insecure archival of old keys reduce the effectiveness of encryption systems. Proper key rotation policies are essential to maintaining robust cryptographic security.
https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/
One common issue with key rotation is failing to replace all instances of a key during the rotation process. For example, using a new key for encryption but retaining the old key in active systems exposes data to compromise if the old key is leaked. OWASP emphasizes ensuring complete replacement and deprecation of old keys during the rotation process.
https://owasp.org/www-project-cheat-sheets/cheatsheets/Cryptographic_Storage_Cheat_Sheet.html
Another misconfiguration is not automating key rotation schedules. Manual processes are prone to human error and inconsistent execution, increasing the risk of stale keys. OWASP recommends using tools like AWS KMS or Azure Key Vault to automate key rotation while ensuring compliance with security standards.
Storing retired keys insecurely after rotation is another critical vulnerability. Attackers can exploit improperly stored keys to decrypt sensitive data. OWASP suggests securely archiving old keys in encrypted formats and implementing strict access controls for retrieval.
Failing to enforce role-based access controls during rotation exposes the process to insider threats. Allowing unauthorized personnel to initiate or modify rotation schedules increases the risk of sabotage or data leakage. OWASP advises using the principle of least privilege to ensure that only authorized roles can manage key rotation.
https://owasp.org/www-project-cheat-sheets/cheatsheets/Access_Control_Cheat_Sheet.html
Improper coordination between key rotation and application updates often leads to downtime or data loss. For instance, rotating keys without synchronizing with dependent systems can result in failed decryption operations. OWASP highlights the importance of testing rotation processes in staging environments to ensure seamless transitions.
https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/
Another oversight is neglecting to rotate associated secrets or tokens during key rotation. For example, API keys and database credentials tied to old encryption keys may still be in use, rendering the rotation ineffective. OWASP recommends including all dependent credentials in the rotation workflow.
https://owasp.org/www-project-api-security/
Failing to log and monitor key rotation activities is a significant issue. Without proper logging, detecting unauthorized rotations or errors in the process becomes difficult. OWASP advises integrating key rotation tools with SIEM systems to track and audit all rotation events.
https://owasp.org/www-project-cheat-sheets/cheatsheets/Logging_Cheat_Sheet.html
Using weak or predictable keys during rotation undermines the purpose of key replacement. For instance, generating keys with insufficient entropy exposes them to brute force attacks. OWASP recommends using cryptographic libraries that comply with modern standards, such as AES-256 for symmetric keys and 2048-bit or higher RSA for asymmetric keys.
https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/fips/186/5/final
Another issue is failing to define retention policies for old keys. Retaining keys indefinitely increases the risk of compromise, especially if the keys are not actively monitored. OWASP suggests securely destroying keys that are no longer required after their retention period expires.
https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/
To address these risks, organizations should implement comprehensive key rotation strategies that include automation, secure storage, and robust access controls. Regular audits, adherence to OWASP Top Ten recommendations, and using tools like HashiCorp Vault or AWS KMS ensure effective and secure key rotation processes.
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/kms/latest/developerguide/rotate-keys.html