TLDR: Misconfigured WebAssembly (Wasm), introduced in 2017, can lead to security vulnerabilities such as unauthorized code execution, memory corruption, and data leaks. Issues like insufficient sandboxing, improper input validation, and insecure integration with JavaScript expose applications to attacks. The OWASP Top Ten categories “Insecure Design” and “Security Misconfiguration” highlight the need for secure Wasm configurations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAssembly
One major issue with misconfigured Wasm is failing to enforce proper sandboxing. Although Wasm is designed to run in a sandboxed environment, improper configurations may allow it to execute unsafe operations or interact with system resources in unintended ways. This vulnerability aligns with OWASP's “Insecure Design” category and underscores the importance of strictly limiting the Wasm module's capabilities.
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly
Another critical vulnerability is improper validation of inputs passed to Wasm modules. Attackers can exploit input handling to inject malicious payloads, leading to memory corruption or execution of arbitrary code. Following OWASP's input validation guidelines, developers should ensure all inputs are sanitized and validated before being processed by Wasm modules.
https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/
The integration between Wasm and JavaScript also presents risks if not handled securely. Misconfigured APIs or insufficient validation during data exchange can expose sensitive information or introduce vulnerabilities. OWASP recommends defining strict interfaces and using secure coding practices to minimize the attack surface when bridging Wasm with JavaScript.
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly/Using_the_JavaScript_API
Failure to use secure sources for Wasm modules can result in the inclusion of malicious code. Downloading or importing modules from untrusted repositories exposes applications to supply chain attacks. OWASP advocates using trusted registries, verifying the integrity of Wasm binaries, and employing tools like Snyk for dependency monitoring.
Debugging tools and error reporting mechanisms in Wasm can inadvertently leak sensitive information if not properly configured. Exposing detailed stack traces or debug logs during production increases the risk of information disclosure attacks. OWASP emphasizes the need to disable debugging features in production and manage error reporting securely.
https://owasp.org/www-project-cheat-sheets/cheatsheets/Error_Handling_Cheat_Sheet.html
To mitigate these risks, developers should enforce strict sandboxing policies, validate inputs rigorously, and securely manage Wasm integrations. Tools like OWASP ZAP can help identify vulnerabilities in Wasm implementations. Regular audits, adherence to the OWASP Top Ten, and staying informed about emerging Wasm security practices ensure robust and secure applications.