Solar activity refers to the variations and phenomena observed on the Sun's surface and in its outer atmosphere, driven by the Sun's magnetic field and internal processes. Solar activity encompasses phenomena such as sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and solar radiation. These phenomena result from the dynamic interaction between the Sun's magnetic field lines, convective motions in its interior, and the effects of solar rotation. Solar activity follows an approximately 11-year cycle known as the solar cycle, characterized by periods of high solar activity and low solar activity. During periods of high solar activity, sunspot numbers increase, and intense solar flares and CMEs are more frequent, leading to heightened space weather effects on Earth. Solar activity influences various aspects of life on Earth, including radio communication, satellite operations, power grid stability, and atmospheric phenomena such as auroras. Understanding solar activity and its effects on space weather is crucial for space weather forecasting, satellite operations, and mitigating potential impacts on technological infrastructure and human activities. s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity