Plug and Play
TLDR: Plug and Play (PnP), introduced by Microsoft in 1995 with Windows 95, is a system technology designed to automatically detect and configure hardware devices without user intervention. This innovation eliminated the need for manual configuration of IRQs, DMA channels, and I/O ports, simplifying the process of adding new hardware to a computer. PnP made it easier for both novice and experienced users to expand and upgrade their systems, contributing to widespread adoption of Windows 95.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_and_Play
PnP works by utilizing a combination of hardware, firmware, and operating system components to streamline device installation. When a new device is connected, the BIOS and operating system collaborate to identify the device, allocate system resources, and load the appropriate drivers. This system relies on the ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) standard for efficient resource management. PnP dramatically improved user experience by enabling devices to work “out of the box,” reducing errors and conflicts associated with manual configurations.
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/plug-and-play
The technology behind PnP has evolved over time, incorporating advanced features to support a broader range of devices and applications. Modern implementations of PnP are integral to USB and PCI technologies, allowing seamless integration of peripherals like printers, external drives, and network adapters. By standardizing device detection and driver installation, PnP remains a foundational technology that underpins the functionality of modern computing systems.
https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#plug-and-play