Protected Field
TLDR: A protected field in programming languages like Java, CPP, and C Sharp is a variable declared with the `protected` access modifier. It allows access to the field within its own class, its subclasses, and other classes within the same package (in Java). Protected fields strike a balance between encapsulation and flexibility, providing controlled visibility for inheritance while maintaining some degree of data hiding.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control
In Java, a protected field is accessible by subclasses even if they reside in a different package, supporting inheritance and reuse of common functionality. For example, a superclass `Animal` might have a `protected String name;`, allowing subclasses like `Dog` or `Bird` to directly access or modify the `name` field. This visibility ensures that subclasses can extend and customize behavior without relying solely on getters or setters.
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html
While protected fields enhance flexibility, they can potentially violate encapsulation by exposing internal state to unrelated classes within the same package. This can lead to unintended dependencies and data integrity issues. Proper use of protected fields involves careful design, prioritizing encapsulation while leveraging inheritance to maintain a clear and maintainable code structure.
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se20/html/jls-6.html