FAT16 (File Allocation Table 16-bit) is an evolution of the FAT file system, introduced by Microsoft in 1984 for use in personal computers. It was designed to address the limitations of the earlier FAT12 system by supporting larger partition sizes and more clusters, making it suitable for hard drives and other storage devices of the time. FAT16 was widely used in early versions of MS-DOS, Windows 3.x, and Windows 95.

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• **Key Features of FAT16**

   * **Larger Partition Support**  
     [[FAT16]] increased the maximum partition size to 2 GB, enabling it to manage larger hard drives than [[FAT12]].

 * **16-Bit Cluster Addresses**  
   It uses 16-bit entries in the file allocation table, allowing up to 65,536 clusters per partition.

 * **Compatibility Across Operating Systems**  
   [[FAT16]] was supported by multiple operating systems, including [[MS-DOS]], early versions of [[Windows]], and some embedded systems.

 * **Bootable Partition Capability**  
   Many early PCs used [[FAT16]] partitions as boot volumes, storing the operating system's essential files.

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• **Limitations of FAT16**

   * **Cluster Size vs. Waste**  
     To support large partitions, [[FAT16]] increased cluster sizes, leading to inefficient storage usage (e.g., small files occupying an entire 32 KB cluster).

 * **2 GB Partition Limit**  
   [[FAT16]] is limited to a maximum partition size of 2 GB, making it obsolete for modern storage needs.

 * **No Support for Advanced File Management**  
   It lacks journaling, permissions, and encryption, which limits its use in secure or enterprise environments.

 * **Fragmentation Issues**  
   [[FAT16]] is prone to fragmentation, which can slow down access speeds over time without regular defragmentation.

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• **Use Cases of FAT16**

   * **Legacy Computers**  
     [[FAT16]] is still used in retrocomputing and older systems that require compatibility with [[MS-DOS]] or early versions of [[Windows]].

 * **Embedded Systems**  
   Certain embedded devices still use [[FAT16]] due to its simplicity and low overhead.

 * **Removable Storage**  
   Some USB drives and memory cards under 2 GB are formatted with [[FAT16]] for broad compatibility with older systems.

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• **Technical Overview**

   * **Cluster Size Scaling**  
     To reach the 2 GB limit, cluster sizes can increase to 32 KB, resulting in potential storage waste for smaller files.  
   * **Root Directory Limitation**  
     The root directory is limited to a fixed number of entries (usually 512 entries), which can restrict the number of files stored at the top level of the partition.

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• **Documentation and Resources**

   - Microsoft FAT Documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/fat16-specifications  
   - FAT Tools GitHub Repository: https://github.com/msbentley/fattools  

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FAT16 was an essential step in the evolution of file systems, providing greater storage capacity and compatibility for early computers. While its limitations—such as the 2 GB partition size limit and inefficient storage for small files—make it unsuitable for modern devices, it remains relevant in certain legacy and embedded systems. FAT16 played a crucial role in the development of personal computing, laying the groundwork for subsequent file systems like FAT32 and exFAT.