FAT32
TLDR: FAT32 (File Allocation Table 32) was introduced by Microsoft in 1996 as part of Windows 95 OSR2. It is an updated version of the FAT file system designed to support larger disks and files, offering compatibility across various platforms and devices. With a maximum file size of 4 GB and volume size of up to 2 TB (on most implementations), FAT32 became widely adopted for external storage devices like USB drives and SD cards due to its simplicity and interoperability.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table
FAT32 uses a 32-bit file allocation table to manage disk space, enabling more efficient use of storage compared to its predecessor, FAT16. This improvement allows for smaller cluster sizes on larger volumes, reducing wasted space. Despite its advantages, FAT32 lacks advanced features like journaling or native file permissions, making it less reliable and secure compared to modern file systems. However, its lightweight structure and broad compatibility have ensured its enduring popularity for removable storage media.
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/file-allocation-table
One of the key strengths of FAT32 is its cross-platform support, enabling seamless file exchange between Windows, Linux, and macOS systems without additional drivers. It remains a standard for low-capacity storage and embedded systems where performance and compatibility outweigh the need for advanced file system features. Despite its limitations in handling large files and modern storage needs, FAT32 remains a practical choice for many portable and legacy applications.