https://DevOpsCloud.io -- Cloud Monk Losang Jinpa, Ph.D., MCSE/MCT, GitOps DevOps Engineer

The C plus plus semantics of C plus plus function call is to C plus plus pass a copy of an C plus plus argument. The C plus plus copy operation is defined by the C plus plus argument type's C plus plus copy constructor or by C plus plus binding to a C plus plus reference. In either case the C plus plus semantics is those of C plus plus initialization. TC plus plus PL | TC++PL 7.2. (BSCppG 2012)

CPP argument passing refers to the mechanism by which data is passed to functions in CPP programs. It plays a crucial role in defining how function parameters are handled during execution, affecting performance, memory usage, and code clarity. Since CPP was introduced in year 1983, its argument-passing mechanisms have evolved to support various styles, including pass-by-value, pass-by-reference, pass-by-pointer, and modern techniques like passing by rvalue reference introduced with CPP11.

The most common method is pass-by-value, where a copy of the argument is created and passed to the function. This method ensures that changes made to the parameter inside the function do not affect the original argument. However, passing large objects by value can be inefficient due to the overhead of creating copies, making this method suitable for small, lightweight types like primitive data types.

Pass-by-reference allows a function to modify the original variable by passing its reference using the `&` symbol. This method is memory-efficient because it avoids creating copies. However, developers must be cautious since unintended modifications can occur, potentially introducing bugs. Pass-by-reference is commonly used in functions that return modified versions of objects.

Another widely used technique is pass-by-pointer, where a function receives the memory address of a variable. This method enables dynamic memory management and is essential in scenarios requiring memory-intensive operations. However, developers must manage memory manually, taking care to prevent memory leaks and dangling pointers.

The introduction of move semantics with CPP11 introduced rvalue references, allowing efficient argument passing for temporary objects. This technique transfers ownership of resources, avoiding expensive deep copies. Functions like `std::move()` leverage this feature, optimizing CPP programs by minimizing unnecessary memory allocations.

In cloud-native environments like Kubernetes, argument-passing techniques are essential in API implementations and resource management logic. For example, passing API request payloads by reference reduces memory usage when handling multiple incoming requests. This ensures scalable, efficient Kubernetes applications with minimal resource overhead.

```cpp

1. include <iostream>
2. include <string>

// Function demonstrating pass-by-reference void updatePodStatus(std::string& status) {

   status = "Running";
   std::cout << "Pod status updated to: " << status << "\n";

// Function demonstrating pass-by-value void logPodStatus(std::string status) {

   std::cout << "Logging pod status: " << status << "\n";

int main() {

   std::string podStatus = "Pending";

   std::cout << "Initial pod status: " << podStatus << "\n";

   // Pass-by-reference updates the original variable
   updatePodStatus(podStatus);

   // Pass-by-value creates a copy
   logPodStatus(podStatus);

   return 0;

This example demonstrates CPP argument passing in a Kubernetes context. The `updatePodStatus` function uses pass-by-reference to modify the original variable, while `logPodStatus` uses pass-by-value to avoid altering the original data. This design ensures type-safe, memory-efficient Kubernetes API implementations.

CPP argument passing is highly relevant in Wasm (WebAssembly) development, where efficient memory usage and performance optimization are critical. Since Wasm supports multiple programming languages, including CPP, argument passing methods determine how functions interact with memory and external environments. This is especially important because Wasm operates within a constrained linear memory model, ensuring type-safe communication between CPP and JavaScript or other languages.

One common technique in Wasm-based applications is pass-by-value. This method works well for small data types like integers and floats, where the overhead of copying data is negligible. However, developers must be cautious when passing large data structures by value, as this can cause significant performance issues in a memory-limited Wasm environment.

Pass-by-reference is used when working with complex data structures like strings, arrays, or custom objects. Since Wasm has no direct access to native memory management, passing references avoids unnecessary copying of large objects, enhancing memory efficiency. Emscripten, introduced in year 2013, simplifies passing references between CPP and JavaScript using bindings.

For memory-sensitive tasks, developers can leverage pass-by-pointer in Wasm modules. This method involves passing memory addresses directly, allowing functions to access and modify data in the linear memory buffer. However, developers must carefully manage memory to avoid memory leaks and dangling pointers, as Wasm lacks automatic garbage collection.

With the introduction of move semantics in CPP11, passing temporary objects by rvalue reference has become an efficient way to transfer data in Wasm-compiled CPP applications. This method minimizes memory duplication, ensuring high performance when dealing with complex data structures or streaming large datasets.

Overall, argument-passing strategies play a crucial role in optimizing web applications built on Wasm. For instance, functions managing DOM elements, processing API responses, or rendering graphics must use efficient argument-passing techniques to maximize performance and responsiveness in web-based environments.

```cpp

1. include <emscripten/bind.h>
2. include <iostream>
3. include <string>

// Pass-by-value function std::string greetByValue(std::string name) {

   return "Hello, " + name + " (by value)";

// Pass-by-reference function std::string greetByReference(const std::string& name) {

   return "Hello, " + name + " (by reference)";

// Wasm bindings EMSCRIPTEN_BINDINGS(my_module) {

   emscripten::function("greetByValue", &greetByValue);
   emscripten::function("greetByReference", &greetByReference);

int main() {

   std::string name = "Wasm Developer";

   std::cout << greetByValue(name) << "\n";      // Pass-by-value
   std::cout << greetByReference(name) << "\n"; // Pass-by-reference

   return 0;

This example demonstrates CPP argument passing in a Wasm application using Emscripten. The functions `greetByValue` and `greetByReference` show the differences between pass-by-value and pass-by-reference, ensuring type-safe data exchange between CPP and web environments through Wasm bindings.

CPP argument passing is integral when developing a CPP Web Server using the POCO (Portable Components) libraries, introduced in year 2004. These libraries provide comprehensive components for building scalable web servers with type-safe networking, HTTP request handling, and API integration. Efficient argument passing ensures that web services process incoming requests with minimal memory overhead and maximum performance.

In a CPP Web Server, pass-by-value is often used when handling simple request data types like integers or strings. For example, an HTTP request handler might pass the request method or status code by value, ensuring that the original data remains unchanged even if modifications occur during processing.

For larger objects, pass-by-reference becomes crucial. Passing references to request or response objects such as HTTPServerRequest or HTTPServerResponse avoids unnecessary copying of large payloads. This technique enables efficient web server performance, especially when handling file uploads or API responses.

Pass-by-pointer is another common method, especially when working with dynamically allocated objects such as session managers or database connectors. POCO components like Session benefit from being passed by pointer, ensuring shared access across multiple functions without duplicating memory resources.

The introduction of CPP11 and its support for move semantics further optimizes argument passing in web servers. Functions processing HTTP responses can efficiently transfer ownership of large response payloads using `std::move()`. This reduces memory allocation overhead and supports high-throughput web services.

Error handling in web servers built with POCO is managed using exception-safe argument passing. Classes like HTTPException allow propagating errors securely while processing requests. This design ensures that the web server remains robust even when faced with malformed requests or service outages.

```cpp

1. include “Poco/Net/HTTPServer.h”
2. include “Poco/Net/HTTPRequestHandler.h”
3. include “Poco/Net/HTTPRequestHandlerFactory.h”
4. include “Poco/Net/HTTPServerParams.h”
5. include “Poco/Net/ServerSocket.h”
6. include “Poco/Util/ServerApplication.h”
7. include <iostream>
8. include <string>

using namespace Poco::Net; using namespace Poco::Util;

// Pass-by-reference function void processRequest(const HTTPServerRequest& request, HTTPServerResponse& response) {

   response.setContentType("text/plain");
   std::ostream& out = response.send();
   out << "Processed request for: " << request.getURI() << "\n";

// Custom HTTP Request Handler class CustomRequestHandler : public HTTPRequestHandler { public:

   void handleRequest(HTTPServerRequest& request, HTTPServerResponse& response) override {
       processRequest(request, response);  // Passing by reference
   }

// Custom Request Handler Factory class CustomRequestHandlerFactory : public HTTPRequestHandlerFactory { public:

   HTTPRequestHandler* createRequestHandler(const HTTPServerRequest&) override {
       return new CustomRequestHandler;
   }

// Web Server Application class WebServerApp : public ServerApplication { protected:

   int main(const std::vector&) override {
       ServerSocket serverSocket(8080);
       HTTPServer server(new CustomRequestHandlerFactory, serverSocket, new HTTPServerParams);

       server.start();
       std::cout << "Server running on port 8080...\n";

       waitForTerminationRequest();  // Wait for shutdown signal
       server.stop();

       return Application::EXIT_OK;
   }

// Entry Point int main(int argc, char** argv) {

   WebServerApp app;
   return app.run(argc, argv);

This example demonstrates CPP argument passing in a POCO-based CPP Web Server. The `processRequest` function passes the HTTP request and response objects by reference, ensuring efficient memory usage and minimizing copying overhead. This approach supports scalable, high-performance web services while maintaining type safety.

CPP argument passing is essential when developing cloud-based applications using the AWS SDK for CPP, introduced in year 2015. This SDK provides type-safe APIs for managing services such as Amazon S3, DynamoDB, and Amazon EC2. Proper argument-passing techniques improve performance, scalability, and memory efficiency in cloud service integrations.

Pass-by-value is commonly used when passing lightweight types such as request IDs or status codes. This approach ensures that each request maintains a copy of its essential data, minimizing data corruption risks when processing multiple requests simultaneously in a cloud-native environment.

Pass-by-reference is frequently employed when dealing with larger objects like request builders, response payloads, and configuration settings. Components like PutObjectRequest allow passing references to reduce copying overhead, ensuring efficient handling of large files in Amazon S3 uploads.

Pass-by-pointer is useful when sharing dynamic service clients such as S3Client or EC2Client. This approach supports shared access to services, enabling task parallelism and resource pooling in cloud automation applications. Proper pointer management is critical to avoid memory leaks in long-running cloud service managers.

The introduction of move semantics with CPP11 enables transferring ownership of request objects, reducing expensive memory allocations during API requests. Functions like `std::move()` ensure that request payloads are efficiently passed without deep copying, maximizing API throughput in cloud environments.

Cloud applications using the AWS SDK for CPP must manage exceptions securely. Functions typically use structured argument passing, ensuring that failed requests and service errors can be handled gracefully using try-catch blocks. This helps maintain fault-tolerant and resilient cloud applications.

```cpp

1. include <aws/core/Aws.h>
2. include <aws/s3/S3Client.h>
3. include <aws/s3/model/PutObjectRequest.h>
4. include <iostream>
5. include <fstream>

// Function demonstrating pass-by-reference void uploadFile(const Aws::S3::S3Client& client, Aws::S3::Model::PutObjectRequest& request) {

   auto outcome = client.PutObject(request);
   if (outcome.IsSuccess()) {
       std::cout << "File uploaded successfully to: " << request.GetBucket() << "/" << request.GetKey() << "\n";
   } else {
       std::cerr << "Upload failed: " << outcome.GetError().GetMessage() << "\n";
   }

int main() {

   Aws::SDKOptions options;
   Aws::InitAPI(options);

   {
       Aws::S3::S3Client client;

       Aws::S3::Model::PutObjectRequest request;
       request.SetBucket("my-test-bucket");
       request.SetKey("my-file.txt");
       request.SetBody(std::make_shared(
           "uploadFile", "my-file.txt", std::ios_base::in | std::ios_base::binary));

       // Passing request by reference
       uploadFile(client, request);
   }

   Aws::ShutdownAPI(options);
   return 0;

This example demonstrates CPP argument passing using the AWS SDK for CPP. The `uploadFile` function uses pass-by-reference to pass the client and request objects, ensuring efficient memory use while processing a file upload to Amazon S3. This design supports scalable cloud operations while maintaining type-safe cloud API interactions.

CPP argument passing is critical when building cloud-native applications using the Azure SDK for CPP, introduced in year 2020. This SDK provides type-safe APIs for managing services such as Azure Blob Storage, Azure Key Vault, and Azure Service Bus. Efficient argument passing ensures optimal cloud resource management while reducing memory usage and improving response times.

Pass-by-value is typically used when passing lightweight values like status codes, access levels, or operation flags. This method creates copies of these values, ensuring that API requests remain unaffected by local modifications during cloud operations.

For larger objects such as file upload requests or client configuration objects, pass-by-reference is essential. Components like UploadBlockBlobOptions enable passing references, avoiding unnecessary memory duplication while working with large data payloads. This technique supports efficient file uploads to Azure Blob Storage.

Pass-by-pointer is commonly employed when sharing cloud clients such as BlobClient or HttpClient. Passing pointers facilitates resource pooling, allowing multiple services to use the same client instance without repeatedly creating new ones. Developers must manage memory manually to prevent memory leaks and dangling pointers.

With the introduction of move semantics in CPP11, developers can transfer ownership of temporary cloud service objects without deep copying. Using `std::move()`, applications can efficiently pass large data streams, reducing allocation costs when uploading files or processing large API responses.

Error handling in cloud applications is managed using structured exception handling. API clients and request builders use argument passing techniques that ensure well-defined behavior during request failures. Developers can wrap cloud service calls in try-catch blocks, enabling seamless recovery from network errors, service unavailability, or authentication issues.

```cpp

1. include <azure/storage/blobs.hpp>
2. include <iostream>
3. include <fstream>
4. include <memory>

using namespace Azure::Storage::Blobs;

// Function demonstrating pass-by-reference void uploadFile(const BlobClient& client, const std::string& filePath, const std::string& blobName) {

   try {
       auto fileStream = std::make_shared(filePath, std::ios::binary);
       if (!fileStream->is_open()) {
           throw std::runtime_error("Failed to open file: " + filePath);
       }

       UploadBlockBlobOptions options;
       client.Upload(*fileStream, options);

       std::cout << "File uploaded successfully to: " << blobName << "\n";
   } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
       std::cerr << "Upload failed: " << ex.what() << "\n";
   }

int main() {

   auto client = BlobClient::CreateFromConnectionString(
       "DefaultEndpointsProtocol=https;AccountName=your_account_name;AccountKey=your_account_key",
       "your-container-name",
       "your-blob-name");

   // Pass by reference to avoid copying
   uploadFile(client, "example.txt", "your-blob-name");

   return 0;

This example demonstrates CPP argument passing using the Azure SDK for CPP. The `uploadFile` function passes the BlobClient and file path by reference, ensuring efficient file upload to Azure Blob Storage while avoiding unnecessary copying. This design supports scalable, type-safe cloud storage operations with error management features built into the SDK.

CPP argument passing is crucial when developing cloud-native applications using the Google Cloud CPP Client Libraries, introduced in year 2019. These libraries provide type-safe APIs for managing cloud services such as Google Cloud Storage, Google Pub/Sub, and Google Compute Engine. Choosing the appropriate argument-passing strategy ensures efficient memory usage, fast cloud interactions, and scalable cloud automation.

Pass-by-value is suitable for lightweight values like project IDs, zone names, and operation flags. This method ensures that functions safely manage short-lived variables by copying them, reducing risks from external changes. For example, project and region identifiers passed to Google Cloud Storage clients are typically passed by value due to their minimal memory impact.

For more complex objects such as request builders, payload containers, or service clients, pass-by-reference is ideal. Components like Client use references to avoid copying large data structures, ensuring efficient processing when uploading files or listing cloud resources.

Pass-by-pointer is commonly used when multiple services share dynamically allocated client objects like Publisher or Bucket. This design supports shared ownership in cloud applications, enabling concurrent access without creating multiple instances. Proper memory management prevents memory leaks and dangling pointers in persistent applications.

With the advent of move semantics in CPP11, cloud services can transfer large request objects efficiently using `std::move()`. This method minimizes deep copying when handling bulk operations such as uploading large files or batching messages in Google Pub/Sub, ensuring lower memory overhead.

Error handling is streamlined using try-catch blocks. If an API request fails due to network issues, authentication errors, or resource quotas, developers can safely retry or log failures. This makes cloud-native applications resilient and robust, even under fluctuating cloud workloads.

```cpp

1. include <google/cloud/storage/client.h>
2. include <iostream>
3. include <fstream>

using ::google::cloud::StatusOr; using ::google::cloud::storage::Client; using ::google::cloud::storage::ObjectMetadata;

// Function demonstrating pass-by-reference void uploadFile(const Client& client, const std::string& bucketName, const std::string& objectName, const std::string& filePath) {

   try {
       auto metadata = client.UploadFile(filePath, bucketName, objectName, google::cloud::storage::IfGenerationMatch(0));

       if (!metadata) {
           throw std::runtime_error("Upload failed: " + metadata.status().message());
       }

       std::cout << "File uploaded successfully to: " << metadata->bucket() << "/" << metadata->name() << "\n";
   } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
       std::cerr << "Error: " << ex.what() << "\n";
   }

int main() {

   auto client = Client::CreateDefaultClient().value();

   // Passing client and file path by reference
   uploadFile(client, "my-test-bucket", "my-object.txt", "example.txt");

   return 0;

This example demonstrates CPP argument passing using the Google Cloud CPP Client Libraries. The `uploadFile` function passes the Client and file path by reference, ensuring efficient cloud resource management while uploading a file to Google Cloud Storage. This approach reduces memory overhead and supports scalable, type-safe cloud API interactions.

CPP argument passing is critical when working with the Kubernetes Engine API CPP Client Library, hosted at https://googleapis.dev/cpp/google-cloud-container/latest. This client library provides type-safe APIs for managing Kubernetes clusters, nodes, and workloads on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE). Proper argument-passing techniques ensure efficient cloud resource management while reducing latency and memory overhead.

Pass-by-value is suitable when passing lightweight data types such as project IDs, zone names, and Kubernetes cluster names. For example, Kubernetes cluster and project IDs are typically passed by value since they are small, fixed-size strings. This prevents accidental changes to these critical identifiers during cluster management operations.

Pass-by-reference is crucial when dealing with larger API request objects such as Kubernetes cluster configurations, workload definitions, and API response containers. Components like CreateClusterRequest use references to avoid creating unnecessary copies during cloud API calls, ensuring efficient memory management.

Pass-by-pointer is beneficial when multiple Kubernetes clients or configuration objects must be shared among services. Objects like ClusterManagerClient can be managed as pointers, enabling services to access Kubernetes clusters concurrently while avoiding redundant client initialization. Proper pointer management prevents memory leaks and dangling references in long-running Kubernetes services.

Move semantics in CPP11 further optimizes API request handling by allowing efficient transfer of large request objects using `std::move()`. This is particularly useful when creating, updating, or deleting Kubernetes clusters, where large data payloads and request definitions are common.

Error handling is seamlessly integrated through CPP’s try-catch blocks. Developers can wrap API requests with error management logic, ensuring resilient cloud applications that can handle service interruptions, quota limitations, or authentication failures gracefully.

```cpp

1. include <google/cloud/container/cluster_manager_client.h>
2. include <iostream>
3. include <stdexcept>

using ::google::cloud::StatusOr; using ::google::cloud::container::ClusterManagerClient; using ::google::cloud::container::v1::Cluster;

// Function demonstrating pass-by-reference void createCluster(const ClusterManagerClient& client, const std::string& project, const std::string& location, const std::string& clusterName) {

   google::cloud::container::v1::CreateClusterRequest request;
   request.set_parent("projects/" + project + "/locations/" + location);

   auto* cluster = request.mutable_cluster();
   cluster->set_name(clusterName);
   cluster->set_initial_node_count(3);

   StatusOr response = client.CreateCluster(request);
   if (!response) {
       throw std::runtime_error("Cluster creation failed: " + response.status().message());
   }

   std::cout << "Cluster " << response->name() << " created successfully.\n";

int main() {

   auto client = ClusterManagerClient::CreateDefaultClient().value();

   try {
       createCluster(client, "my-gke-project", "us-central1", "my-gke-cluster");
   } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
       std::cerr << "Error: " << ex.what() << "\n";
   }

   return 0;

This example demonstrates CPP argument passing using the Kubernetes Engine API CPP Client Library, hosted at https://googleapis.dev/cpp/google-cloud-container/latest. The `createCluster` function passes the client and Kubernetes cluster configuration parameters by reference, ensuring efficient Kubernetes cluster creation with minimal memory usage. This design supports scalable Kubernetes management with robust error handling and cloud API interaction.

CPP argument passing is essential when working with HashiCorp Vault using the CPP library for Hashicorp Vault libvault, hosted at https://github.com/abedra/libvault. This library provides type-safe APIs for managing secrets, authentication tokens, and sensitive configurations. Using efficient argument-passing techniques helps secure applications by minimizing memory usage and optimizing performance.

Pass-by-value is appropriate for lightweight types such as secret paths, keys, and authentication tokens. For example, secret paths passed as strings ensure that functions receive immutable copies, reducing the risk of accidental data modification when managing sensitive information.

Pass-by-reference is beneficial when interacting with larger objects like Vault client configurations, secret containers, or API response data. For example, passing `Vault::Client` objects by reference ensures efficient resource usage, avoiding the overhead of copying sensitive client state across multiple function calls.

Pass-by-pointer supports scenarios where multiple services access the same Vault client. Using pointers allows shared access to the client instance, enabling concurrent access to secrets and configurations. Developers must manage pointers carefully to prevent memory leaks or dangling references when secrets are dynamically allocated.

Move semantics introduced in CPP11 enable efficient transfer of temporary secret objects using `std::move()`. This technique reduces memory allocations when passing large secret payloads, ensuring secure and efficient secrets management during token issuance or secure data storage operations.

Error handling in Vault-related applications is simplified through CPP's try-catch mechanism. Developers can wrap secrets management functions in exception-handling blocks to ensure that API failures, authentication errors, and service outages are handled gracefully, making cloud-native applications more resilient.

```cpp

1. include <iostream>
2. include <vault/client.h>
3. include <vault/config.h>
4. include <memory>

using namespace Vault;

// Function demonstrating pass-by-reference void retrieveSecret(const Client& client, const std::string& path, const std::string& key) {

   try {
       auto response = client.read(path);
       if (response.data.find(key) != response.data.end()) {
           std::cout << "Retrieved secret: " << response.data.at(key) << "\n";
       } else {
           throw std::runtime_error("Secret key not found.");
       }
   } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
       std::cerr << "Error: " << ex.what() << "\n";
   }

int main() {

   Vault::Config config;
   config.address = "http://127.0.0.1:8200";  // Vault server address
   config.token = "my-root-token";            // Root token for simplicity

   Client client(config);

   // Pass path and key by value, client by reference
   retrieveSecret(client, "secret/data/myapp/config", "database_password");

   return 0;

This example demonstrates CPP argument passing using the CPP library for Hashicorp Vault libvault, hosted at https://github.com/abedra/libvault. The `retrieveSecret` function passes the Vault client by reference and the secret path and key by value, ensuring efficient and secure access to secrets while minimizing memory usage and supporting robust error handling.

CPP argument passing is essential when developing CPP DevOps CLI automation tools using CLIUtils CLI11, hosted at https://github.com/CLIUtils/CLI11. This library simplifies command-line argument parsing, ensuring type-safe input handling and supporting scalable DevOps automation. Proper argument passing ensures efficient resource management and enables extensible CLI-based tools.

Pass-by-value is commonly used for lightweight data such as command names, option flags, and numeric parameters. For example, passing command identifiers or retry intervals by value ensures the CLI application has safe, local copies unaffected by modifications during processing.

Pass-by-reference is critical when handling large configuration objects, API clients, or CLI argument containers. CLIUtils CLI11 supports passing command-line options and argument parsers by reference, reducing copying overhead during multi-command parsing in complex DevOps tools.

Pass-by-pointer is useful when dynamically allocating tasks like job runners, cloud resource managers, or build orchestrators. These pointers can be shared across tasks, enabling concurrent job execution and centralized task coordination without duplicating instances. Proper pointer management prevents memory leaks and dangling references in long-running CLI tools.

The introduction of move semantics in CPP11 ensures efficient argument transfers when dealing with temporary objects. For example, CLI-defined file paths, user inputs, and generated command-line configurations can be moved to avoid expensive memory allocations during argument processing.

Error handling in CLI-based DevOps tools is streamlined using CPP’s try-catch mechanism. Developers can use this to validate parsed arguments, handle incorrect user inputs, and implement fallback behaviors such as showing help messages or logging command execution failures.

```cpp

1. include <CLI/CLI.hpp>
2. include <iostream>
3. include <string>
4. include <memory>

// Function demonstrating pass-by-reference void executeDeploy(const std::string& serviceName, int retryCount) {

   std::cout << "Deploying service: " << serviceName << "\n";
   for (int i = 0; i < retryCount; ++i) {
       std::cout << "Retry attempt " << i + 1 << "...\n";
   }
   std::cout << "Deployment completed.\n";

int main(int argc, char** argv) {

   CLI::App app{"DevOps CLI Automation Tool"};

   std::string serviceName;
   int retryCount = 3;

   // Pass-by-reference option definitions
   app.add_option("-s,--service", serviceName, "Name of the service to deploy")->required();
   app.add_option("-r,--retry", retryCount, "Number of retry attempts")->default_val("3");

   CLI11_PARSE(app, argc, argv);

   // Execute deployment logic
   executeDeploy(serviceName, retryCount);

   return 0;

This example demonstrates CPP argument passing in a CPP DevOps CLI automation tool built using CLIUtils CLI11, hosted at https://github.com/CLIUtils/CLI11. The `executeDeploy` function passes service names and retry counts by reference, ensuring memory-efficient CLI argument parsing while supporting flexible command execution and scalable DevOps workflows.