https://DevOpsCloud.io -- Cloud Monk Losang Jinpa, Ph.D., MCSE/MCT, GitOps DevOps Engineer

Return to Logging topics

Log management (LM) comprises an approach to dealing with large volumes of computer-generated data logging | log messages (also known as audit records, audit trails, event-logs, etc.).

Log management generally covers:<ref>

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• Log collection
• Centralized log aggregation
• Long-term log storage and Log retention
• Log rotation
• Log analysis (in real-time and in bulk after storage)
• Log search and reporting.

The primary drivers for log management implementations are concerns about computer security | security,<ref>

</ref> system and network operations (such as System administrator | system or Network administrator | network administration) and regulatory compliance. Logs are generated by nearly every computing device, and can often be directed to different locations both on a local file system or remote system.

Effectively analyzing large volumes of diverse logs can pose many challenges, such as:

• Volume: log data can reach hundreds of gigabytes of data per day for a large organization. Simply collecting, centralizing and storing data at this volume can be challenging.
• Normalization: logs are produced in multiple formats. The process of Normalization (statistics) | normalization is designed to provide a common output for analysis from diverse sources.
• Velocity: The speed at which logs are produced from devices can make collection and aggregation difficult
• Veracity: Log events may not be accurate. This is especially problematic from systems that perform detection, such as Intrusion detection system | intrusion detection systems.

Users and potential users of log management may purchase complete commercial tools or build their own log-management and intelligence tools, assembling the functionality from various open-source model | open-source components, or acquire (sub-)systems from commercial vendors. Log management is a complicated process and organizations often make mistakes while approaching it.<ref>

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Logging can produce technical information usable for the maintenance of applications or websites. It can serve:

• to define whether a reported bug is actually a bug
• to help analyze, reproduce and solve bugs
• to help test new features in a development stage

Suggestions were made

to change the definition of logging. This change would keep matters both more pure and more easily maintainable:

• Logging would then be defined as all instantly discardable data on the technical process of an application or website, as it represents and processes data and user input.
• Auditing, then, would involve data that is not immediately discardable. In other words: data that is assembled in the auditing process, is stored persistently, is protected by authorization schemes and is, always, connected to some end-user functional requirement.

One view

of assessing the maturity of an organization in terms of the deployment of log-management tools might use

successive levels such as:

1. in the initial stages, organizations use different log-analyzers for analyzing the logs in the devices on the security-perimeter. They aim to identify the patterns of attack on the perimeter infrastructure of the organization.
2. with increased use of integrated computing, organizations mandate logs to identify the access and usage of confidential data within the security-perimeter.
3. at the next level of maturity, the log analyzer can track and monitor the performance and availability of systems at the level of the Business | enterprise — especially of those information-assets whose availability organizations regard as vital.
4. organizations integrate the logs of various business-applications into an enterprise log manager for better value proposition.
5. organizations merge the physical-access monitoring and the logical-access monitoring into a single view.

• Audit trail
• Common Base Event
• Common Log Format
• DARPA Proactive Discovery of Insider Threats Using Graph Analysis and Learning | PRODIGAL and Anomaly Detection at Multiple Scales (ADAMS) projects.
• Data logging
• Log analysis
• Log management knowledge base
• Security information and event management
• Server log
• Syslog
• Web counter
• Web log analysis software

• Chris MacKinnon: “LMI In The Enterprise”. Processor November 18, 2005, Vol.27 Issue 46, page 33. Online at http://www.processor.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2Fp2746%2F09p46%2F09p46.asp, retrieved 2007-09-10
• MITRE: Common Event Expression (CEE) Proposed Log Standard. Online at http://cee.mitre.org, retrieved 2010-03-03
• NIST 800-92: Guide to Security Log Management. Online at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-92/SP800-92.pdf, retrieved 2010-03-03

• InfoWorld review and comparison of commercial Log Management products