Misconfigured Key Management
TLDR: Misconfigured key management, highlighted in the OWASP Top Ten under “Cryptographic Failures,” exposes sensitive systems to unauthorized access, data breaches, and decryption of encrypted data. Issues like improper storage, lack of rotation policies, and insecure key distribution undermine the effectiveness of encryption mechanisms. Proper key management practices are critical for maintaining data confidentiality and integrity.
https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/
One of the most common issues with key management is storing encryption keys alongside the encrypted data. Attackers who gain access to the data also obtain the keys, rendering the encryption useless. OWASP recommends separating key storage from the data using secure key management solutions like AWS KMS or Azure Key Vault.
Failing to rotate keys regularly is another significant vulnerability. Long-lived keys are at higher risk of compromise, especially in the case of data breaches. OWASP advises implementing automated key rotation policies and ensuring keys are replaced within a secure time frame to limit potential exposure.
https://owasp.org/www-project-cheat-sheets/cheatsheets/Cryptographic_Storage_Cheat_Sheet.html
Hardcoding keys in source code is another critical flaw. Keys embedded in code repositories are exposed to anyone with access to the repository, including attackers who exploit accidental public leaks. OWASP suggests storing keys in environment variables or using secure secrets management tools like HashiCorp Vault.
Improper key distribution is another major issue. Sharing keys over insecure channels, such as plaintext emails or unencrypted messages, allows attackers to intercept and misuse them. OWASP recommends secure distribution methods, such as public key infrastructure (PKI) or encrypted transfer mechanisms.
https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/
Lack of access controls on key storage locations is another misconfiguration. Allowing broad access to key management systems increases the attack surface. OWASP emphasizes implementing the principle of least privilege, granting access to keys only to authorized entities.
https://owasp.org/www-project-cheat-sheets/cheatsheets/Access_Control_Cheat_Sheet.html
Failing to log key access and usage is a critical oversight. Without proper logging, organizations cannot detect unauthorized access or misuse of keys. OWASP advises integrating key management systems with SIEM tools to monitor and analyze key usage effectively.
https://owasp.org/www-project-cheat-sheets/cheatsheets/Logging_Cheat_Sheet.html
Another issue arises from using weak or insecure keys. Short key lengths or outdated algorithms, such as RSA keys under 2048 bits, are vulnerable to brute force attacks. OWASP recommends using strong keys compliant with modern standards, such as AES-256 for symmetric encryption and 2048-bit or higher RSA for asymmetric encryption.
https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/fips/186/5/final
Neglecting to use hardware-based solutions, such as hardware security modules (HSMs), for critical key management tasks increases risks. Software-based key storage is more susceptible to tampering and theft. OWASP suggests leveraging HSMs for key generation, storage, and encryption operations.
https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/
To address these risks, organizations should implement a comprehensive key management strategy that includes secure storage, automated rotation, and robust access controls. Regular audits, adherence to OWASP Top Ten guidelines, and leveraging tools like AWS KMS, Azure Key Vault, or Vault ensure that encryption keys are properly protected and effectively managed.