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Python 3.1 introduced several important features and improvements to enhance performance, functionality, and user experience. These enhancements were driven by several key Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs), each designed to address specific needs and areas in the language. Below is a list of the most significant PEPs implemented in Python 3.1, along with raw URLs for each proposal. These PEPs were instrumental in evolving Python as a modern language, much like how standards such as RFC 7231 guide web protocols.

PEP 378 introduced the ability to format numbers with thousands separators in formatted strings. This change made it easier for developers to format large numbers in a more human-readable way, using commas or other locale-appropriate characters to separate thousands. This feature improves the readability of numeric outputs, particularly in financial applications and reports. More information can be found at https://peps.python.org/pep-0378/.

PEP 372 added the `collections.OrderedDict` type to the standard library. An OrderedDict maintains the order in which items are inserted, making it useful in situations where the order of data is important, such as in configuration files, databases, or serialization tasks. This feature provides a built-in way to work with ordered mappings, improving the flexibility of data handling in Python. Learn more at https://peps.python.org/pep-0372/.

PEP 383 introduced a solution for handling undecodable bytes in system character interfaces using “surrogateescape” error handling. This change ensures that Python can process filenames and other system data containing invalid byte sequences without causing errors. The surrogateescape mechanism allows Python applications to gracefully handle system data with non-Unicode encodings, improving compatibility with file systems and other external systems. More details are available at https://peps.python.org/pep-0383/.

PEP 382 proposed adding a standard for namespace packages, allowing portions of a single package to be spread across multiple directories or distributions. Although this proposal wasn't fully implemented in Python 3.1, it laid the groundwork for namespace package support in later versions, making package management and distribution more flexible in larger projects. Learn more at https://peps.python.org/pep-0382/.

PEP 374 formalized the migration from Subversion to Mercurial for version control of the Python codebase. This PEP outlined the reasons for switching to Mercurial, focusing on its distributed version control model, ease of use, and better support for open-source collaboration. This change was aimed at improving the efficiency of Python's development process. More information is available at https://peps.python.org/pep-0374/.

PEP 384 introduced a stable ABI (Application Binary Interface) for Python extensions, although its full implementation came later. This proposal aimed to make it easier for extension modules to maintain compatibility across future Python versions by providing a consistent ABI. This change laid the groundwork for improving the stability and portability of binary extensions, benefiting developers who create and maintain third-party extensions. Learn more at https://peps.python.org/pep-0384/.

PEP 3007 improved the syntax of the `with` statement by allowing multiple context managers to be used in a single `with` block. This feature reduces the need for nested `with` statements, making the code cleaner and easier to read, especially when managing multiple resources like files, locks, or network connections. This enhancement simplifies resource management in Python, contributing to better code readability. More information can be found at https://peps.python.org/pep-3007/.

PEP 3147 improved how Python handles cached bytecode files by introducing the `__pycache__` directory. This change organizes bytecode cache files separately from source code files, reducing clutter in source directories and improving project organization. It also improves portability and maintainability in multi-user or multi-environment projects. Learn more at https://peps.python.org/pep-3147/.

PEP 378 also allowed better formatting options for floating-point numbers, adding more control over the number of decimal places and how numbers are displayed in formatted strings. This improvement is particularly useful in scientific and financial applications, where precise formatting is essential. It complements the thousands-separator feature and enhances the overall functionality of string formatting in Python. More details can be found at https://peps.python.org/pep-0378/.

PEP 376 introduced a standardized installation layout for Python projects, improving the package installation process. This proposal introduced `.dist-info` directories, which contain metadata about installed packages. This standardized layout makes it easier for package management tools like pip and setuptools to track and manage installed packages, improving the ecosystem for Python package distribution. Learn more at https://peps.python.org/pep-0376/.

Python 3.1 introduced several key features and improvements, such as the ability to format numbers with thousands separators from PEP 378, the addition of `collections.OrderedDict` through PEP 372, and improved handling of undecodable bytes via PEP 383. These features greatly enhanced the usability, performance, and organization of code in Python, making the language more robust and flexible. These updates, driven by the key PEPs, reflect Python's ongoing evolution toward greater functionality and ease of use. For more detailed information on these changes and others introduced in Python 3.1, visit the official documentation at https://docs.python.org/3.1/whatsnew/3.1.html.

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