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Timeline of Programming Languages
Return to Programming Languages History
This is a record of historically important programming languages, by decade.
Pre-1950
{]] | class="wikitable sortable" | - ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | - | 1804 | [[Jacquard machine ]] | [[Joseph Marie Jacquard ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1879 | [[Begriffsschrift ]] | [[Gottlob Frege ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1943–45 | [[Plankalkül (year of conceptualization) ]] | [[Konrad Zuse ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1943–46 | [[ENIAC | ENIAC coding system ]] | [[John von Neumann, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, Herman Goldstine after Alan Turing. The first programmers of ENIAC were Kathleen Antonelli | Kay McNulty, Jean Bartik | Betty Jennings, Betty Holberton | Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff | Marlyn Meltzer, Frances Spence | Fran Bilas, and Ruth Teitelbaum | Ruth Lichterman. ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1946 | ENIAC Short Code | Richard Clippinger, [[John von Neumann after Alan Turing ]] | ENIAC coding system | - | 1946 | Von Neumann and Goldstine graphing system (Notation) | [[John von Neumann and Herman Goldstine ]] | ENIAC coding system | - | 1947 | ARC Assembly | [[Kathleen Booth<ref>
</ref><ref>Campbell-Kelly, Martin “The Development of Computer Programming in Britain (1945 to 1955)”, The Birkbeck College Machines, in (1982) Annals of the History of Computing 4(2) April 1982 IEEE</ref> ]] | ENIAC coding system | - | 1948 | CPC Coding scheme | [[Howard H. Aiken ]] | Analytical Engine order code | - | 1948 | Curry notation system | [[Haskell Curry ]] | ENIAC coding system | - | 1948 | [[Plankalkül (year of concept publication) ]] | [[Konrad Zuse ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1949 | System software | EDSAC Initial Orders ]] | [[David Wheeler (computer scientist) | David Wheeler ]] | ENIAC coding system | - | 1949 | [[Short Code (computer language) | Short Code ]] | [[John Mauchly and William F. Schmitt ]] | ENIAC Short Code | - class="sortbottom" ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | } ==1950s== { | class="wikitable sortable" | - ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | - | 1950 | [[Short Code (computer language) | Short Code ]] | //purl.umn.edu/104288 UNIVAC conference], [[Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. 171-page transcript of oral history with computer pioneers, including Albert B. Tonik, involved with the Univac computer, held on 17–18 May 1990.</ref> J. R. Logan ]] | Brief Code | - | 1950 | Birkbeck Assembler | [[Kathleen Booth ]] | ARC | - | 1951 | [[Superplan ]] | [[Heinz Rutishauser ]] | Plankalkül | - | 1951 | ALGAE | Edward A. Voorhees and Karl Balke | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1951 | Intermediate Programming Language | [[Arthur Burks ]] | Short Code | - | 1951 | Regional Assembly Language | [[Maurice Wilkes ]] | EDSAC | - | 1951 | Boehm unnamed coding system | [[Corrado Böhm ]] | CPC Coding scheme | - | 1951 | Klammerausdrücke | [[Konrad Zuse ]] | Plankalkül | - | 1951 | OMNIBAC Symbolic Assembler | [[Charles Katz ]] | Short Code | - | 1951 | Stanislaus (Notation) | [[Friedrich L. Bauer | Fritz Bauer ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1951 | Whirlwind assembler | Charles Adams and Jack Gilmore at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology | MIT Whirlwind (computer) | Project Whirlwind ]] | EDSAC | - | 1951 | Rochester assembler | [[Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist) | Nat Rochester ]] | EDSAC | - | 1951 | [[Sort Merge Generator ]] | [[Betty Holberton ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1952 | [[A-0 System | A-0 ]] | [[Grace Hopper ]] | Short Code | - | 1952 | [[Autocode | Glennie Autocode ]] | [[Alick Glennie after Alan Turing ]] | CPC Coding scheme | - | 1952 | Operator programming | Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov with the participation [[Kateryna Yushchenko (scientist) | Kateryna Yushchenko ]] | [[MESM ]] | - | 1952 | Editing Generator | Milly Koss | SORT/MERGE | - | 1952 | COMPOOL | RAND/SDC | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1953 | [[Speedcoding ]] | [[John Backus | John W. Backus ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1953 | READ/PRINT | Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1954 | [[Laning and Zierler system ]] | Laning, Zierler, Adams at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology | MIT Whirlwind (computer) | Project Whirlwind ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1954 | [[Autocode | Mark I Autocode ]] | [[Tony Brooker ]] | Glennie Autocode | - | 1954–55 | [[Fortran | FORTRAN (concept) ]] | Team led by [[John Backus | John W. Backus at IBM ]] | Speedcoding | - | 1954 | [[ARITH-MATIC ]] | Team led by [[Grace Hopper at UNIVAC ]] | A-0 | - | 1954 | [[MATH-MATIC ]] | Team led by Charles Katz | A-0 | - | 1954 | MATRIX MATH | H G Kahrimanian | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1954 | [[Information Processing Language | IPL I (concept) ]] | [[Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1955 | [[Address programming language (with Pointers) ]] | [[Kateryna Yushchenko (scientist) | Kateryna Yushchenko ]] | Operator programming - Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov & [[Kateryna Yushchenko (scientist) | Kateryna Yushchenko & MESM ]] | - | 1955 | [[FLOW-MATIC ]] | Team led by [[Grace Hopper at UNIVAC ]] | A-0 | - | 1955 | BACAIC | M. Grems and R. Porter | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1955 | [[PACT I ]] | [[SHARE (computing) | SHARE ]] | FORTRAN, A-2 | - | 1955 | Freiburger Code<ref>{{cite web | //pl.attitu.de/zuse/technik/freiburger.html | title=Der Freiburger Code auf der Zuse | language=de | access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | //www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de/seite51.html | title=Z22 | author=H. Zuse | access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> | [[University of Freiburg ]] | {{n/a}} | - | 1955–56 | Sequentielle Formelübersetzung | [[Friedrich L. Bauer | Fritz Bauer and Karl Samelson ]] | Boehm | - | 1955–56 | IT | Team led by [[Alan Perlis ]] | Laning and Zierler | - | 1955 | PRINT | IBM | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1958 | [[Information Processing Language | IPL II (implementation) ]] | [[Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon ]] | IPL I | - | 1956–58 | [[Lisp (programming language) | LISP (concept) ]] | [[John McCarthy (computer scientist) | John McCarthy ]] | IPL | - | 1957 | [[COMTRAN ]] | [[Bob Bemer ]] | FLOW-MATIC | - | 1957 | [[GEORGE (programming language) | GEORGE ]] | [[Charles Leonard Hamblin ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1957 | [[FORTRAN I (implementation) ]] | [[John Backus | John W. Backus at IBM ]] | FORTRAN | - | 1957–58 | UNICODE | Remington Rand UNIVAC | MATH-MATIC | - | 1957 | [[COMIT (concept) ]] | [[Victor Yngve ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1958 | FORTRAN II | FORTRAN II ]] | Team led by [[John Backus | John W. Backus at IBM ]] | FORTRAN I | - | 1958 | [[ALGOL 58 (IAL) ]] | ACM/GAMM | FORTRAN, IT, Sequentielle Formelübersetzung | - | 1958 | [[Information Processing Language | IPL V ]] | [[Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon ]] | IPL II | - | 1959 | [[APT (programming language) | APT ]] | [[Douglas T. Ross ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1959 | [[FACT computer language | FACT ]] | [[Fletcher R. Jones, Roy Nutt, Robert L. Patrick ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1959 | [[COBOL (concept) ]] | The [[CODASYL Committee ]] | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT | - | 1959 | [[JOVIAL ]] | [[Jules Schwartz at System Development Corporation | SDC ]] | [[ALGOL 58 ]] | - | 1959 | [[Lisp (programming language) | LISP (implementation) ]] | [[John McCarthy (computer scientist) | John McCarthy ]] | IPL | - | 1959 | [[MAD (programming language) | MAD – Michigan Algorithm Decoder ]] | [[Bruce Arden, Bernard Galler, and Robert M. Graham (computer scientist) | Robert M. Graham ]] | [[ALGOL 58 ]] | - | 1959 | [[TRAC (programming language) | TRAC (concept) ]] | [[Calvin Mooers ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - class="sortbottom" ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | } ==1960s== { | class="wikitable sortable" | - ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | - | 1960 | [[ALGOL 60 ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | ALGOL 58 | - | 1960 | [[COBOL | COBOL 61 (implementation) ]] | The [[CODASYL Committee ]] | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN | - | 1961 | [[COMIT (implementation) ]] | [[Victor Yngve ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1961 | [[GPSS ]] | Geoffrey Gordon, [[IBM ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1962 | FORTRAN IV | FORTRAN IV ]] | [[IBM ]] | FORTRAN II | - | 1962 | [[APL (programming language) | APL (concept) ]] | [[Kenneth E. Iverson ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1962 | [[Simula (concept) ]] | [[Ole-Johan Dahl (mostly) ]] | ALGOL 60 | - | 1962 | [[SNOBOL ]] | [[Ralph Griswold, et al. ]] | FORTRAN II, COMIT | - | 1963 | [[Combined Programming Language | CPL (concept) ]] | Barron, [[Christopher Strachey, et al. ]] | ALGOL 60 | - | 1963 | [[SNOBOL3 ]] | [[Ralph Griswold | Griswold, et al. ]] | SNOBOL | - | 1963 | [[ALGOL 68 (concept) ]] | [[Adriaan van Wijngaarden, et al. ]] | ALGOL 60 | - | 1963 | [[JOSS | JOSS I ]] | Cliff Shaw, [[RAND Corporation | RAND ]] | ALGOL 58 | - | 1964 | [[MIMIC ]] | H. E. Petersen, ''et al.'' | MIDAS | - | 1964 | [[COWSEL ]] | [[Rod Burstall, Robin Popplestone ]] | CPL, LISP | - | 1964 | [[PL/I (concept) ]] | [[IBM ]] | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN | - | 1964 | [[BASIC ]] | [[John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College ]] | FORTRAN II, JOSS | - | 1964 | [[IBM RPG ]] | [[IBM ]] | FARGO | - | 1964 | [[MARK IV (software) | Mark-IV ]] | [[Sterling Software | Informatics ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1964 | [[Speakeasy (computational environment) | Speakeasy-2 ]] | Stanley Cohen at [[Argonne National Laboratory ]] | Speakeasy | - | 1964 | [[TRAC (programming language) | TRAC (implementation) ]] | [[Calvin Mooers ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1964 | [[P′′ ]] | [[Corrado Böhm ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1964 | [[IITRAN ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1965 | [[RPG II ]] | [[IBM ]] | [[FARGO, IBM RPG | RPG ]] | - | 1965 | [[MAD (programming language) | MAD/I (concept) ]] | [[University of Michigan ]] | [[MAD (programming language) | MAD, ALGOL 60, PL/I ]] | - | 1965 | [[TELCOMP ]] | [[BBN Technologies | BBN ]] | JOSS | - | 1965 | [[Atlas Autocode ]] | [[Tony Brooker, Derrick Morris at Manchester University ]] | [[Algol 60, Autocode ]] | - | 1966 | [[JOSS | JOSS II ]] | Chuck Baker, [[RAND ]] | JOSS I | - | 1966 | [[ALGOL W ]] | [[Niklaus Wirth, C. A. R. Hoare <!– “A Contribution to the Development of Algol” in [ACM] (1966) [ACM] CACM 9(06) June 1966 –> ]] | ALGOL 60 | - | 1966 | [[FORTRAN 66 ]] | [[John Backus | John Backus and his team ]] | FORTRAN IV | - | 1966 | [[ISWIM (Concept) ]] | [[Peter J. Landin ]] | LISP | - | 1966 | [[Coral 66 | CORAL66 ]] | [[I.F Currie | I. F. Currie and M. Griffiths ]] | ALGOL 60 | - | 1966 | [[APL (programming language) | APL (implementation)<ref>
</ref> ]] | [[Kenneth E. Iverson ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1967 | [[BCPL ]] | [[Martin Richards (computer scientist) | Martin Richards ]] | CPL | - | 1967 | [[MUMPS ]] | [[Massachusetts General Hospital ]] | FORTRAN, TELCOMP | - | 1967 | [[Simula | Simula 67 (implementation) ]] | [[Ole-Johan Dahl, Bjørn Myhrhaug, Kristen Nygaard at Norwegian Computing Center | Norsk Regnesentral ]] | ALGOL 60 | - | 1967 | [[Interlisp | InterLisp ]] | D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy | Lisp | - | 1967 | [[EXAPT ]] | Herwart Opitz, Wilhelm Simon, Günter Spur, and Gottfried Stute at [[RWTH Aachen University and TU Berlin ]] | [[APT (programming language) | APT ]] | - | 1967 | [[SNOBOL4 ]] | [[Ralph Griswold, et al. ]] | SNOBOL3 | - | 1967 | [[XPL ]] | William M. McKeeman, ''et al.'' at [[University of California, Santa Cruz<br />Jim Horning | J. J. Horning, et al. at Stanford University ]] | PL/I | - | 1967 | Space Programming Language (SPL) | [[System Development Corporation ]] | JOVIAL | - | 1968 | [[ALGOL 68 (UNESCO/International Federation for Information Processing | IFIP standard) ]] | [[Adriaan van Wijngaarden, Barry J. Mailloux, John E. L. Peck and Cornelis H. A. Koster, et al. <!– The final version, MR 101, was adopted by the Working Group on 20 December 1968 in Munich, and was subsequently approved for publication by the General Assembly of I.F.I.P. –> ]] | ALGOL 60 | - | 1968 | [[COWSEL | POP-1 ]] | [[Rod Burstall, Robin Popplestone ]] | COWSEL | - | 1968 | [[DIBOL | DIBOL-8 ]] | [[Digital Equipment Corporation | DEC ]] | DIBOL | - | 1968 | [[Forth (programming language) | Forth (concept) ]] | [[Charles H. Moore | Moore ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1968 | [[Logo (programming language) | LOGO ]] | [[Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, Cynthia Solomon ]] | LISP | - | 1968 | [[MAPPER ]] | [[Unisys ]] | CRT RPS | - | 1968 | [[REFAL (implementation) ]] | [[Valentin Turchin ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1968 | [[TTM (programming language) | TTM (implementation) ]] | Steven Caine and E. Kent Gordon, [[California Institute of Technology ]] | GAP, GPM | - | 1968 | [[PILOT ]] | [[John Amsden Starkweather, University of California, San Francisco ]] | Computest | - | 1969 | [[PL/I (implementation) ]] | [[IBM ]] | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN | - | 1969 | [[B (programming language) | B ]] | [[Ken Thompson, with contributions from Dennis Ritchie ]] | BCPL | - | 1969 | [[Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL) ]] | Thomas A. Standish at [[Harvard University ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1969 | [[SETL ]] | [[Jack Schwartz at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences ]] | ALGOL 60 | - | 1969 | [[TUTOR (programming language) | TUTOR ]] | Paul Tenczar & [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1969 | [[Edinburgh IMP ]] | [[Edinburgh University ]] | [[Algol 60, Autocode, Atlas Autocode ]] | - class="sortbottom" ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | } ==1970s== { | class="wikitable sortable" | - ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | - | 1970 | [[Forth (programming language) | Forth (implementation) ]] | [[Charles H. Moore ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1970 | [[POP-2 ]] | [[Robin Popplestone ]] | POP-1 | - | 1970 | [[SAIL (programming language) | SAIL ]] | Dan Swinehart and [[Bob Sproull ]] | ALGOL-60 | - | 1970 | [[Pascal (programming language) | Pascal ]] | [[Niklaus Wirth, Kathleen Jensen ]] | ALGOL 60, ALGOL W | - | 1970 | [[BLISS ]] | Wulf, Russell, Habermann at [[Carnegie Mellon University ]] | ALGOL | - | 1971 | [[KRL (programming language) | KRL ]] | [[Daniel G. Bobrow at PARC (company) | Xerox PARC, Terry Winograd at Stanford University ]] | KM, FRL (MIT) | - | 1971 | Sue | [[Ric Holt et al. at University of Toronto ]] | Pascal, XPL | - | 1971 | [[Compiler Description Language (CDL) ]] | [[Cornelis H.A. Koster at University of Nijmegen ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1972 | [[Smalltalk-72 ]] | [[Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg (computer scientist) | Adele Goldberg, Dan Ingalls, PARC (company) | Xerox PARC ]] | Simula 67 | - | 1972 | [[PL/M ]] | [[Gary Kildall at Digital Research ]] | PL/I, ALGOL, XPL | - | 1972 | [[C (programming language) | K&R C ]] | [[Dennis Ritchie ]] | B, BCPL, ALGOL 68 | - | 1972 | [[INTERCAL ]] | [[Don Woods (programmer) | Don Woods and James M. Lyon ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1972 | [[Prolog ]] | [[Alain Colmerauer ]] | 2-level W-Grammar | - | 1972 | Structured Query language ([[SQL) ]] | [[IBM ]] | ALPHA, Quel (Ingres) | - | 1973 | [[COMAL ]] | Børge Christensen, Benedict Løfstedt | Pascal, BASIC | - | 1973 | [[ML (programming language) | ML ]] | [[Robin Milner ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1973 | [[LIS (programming language) | LIS ]] | [[Jean Ichbiah et al. at Groupe Bull | CII Honeywell Bull ]] | Pascal, Sue | - | 1973 | [[Speakeasy (computational environment) | Speakeasy-3 ]] | Stanley Cohen, Steven Pieper at [[Argonne National Laboratory ]] | Speakeasy-2 | - | 1974 | [[CLU (programming language) | CLU ]] | [[Barbara Liskov ]] | ALGOL 60, Lisp, Simula | - | 1974 | MAINSAIL | Stanford University | [[SAIL (programming language) | SAIL ]] | - | 1974 | [[GRASS (programming language) | GRASS ]] | [[Thomas A. DeFanti ]] | BASIC | - | 1974 | [[MAI Basic Four | BASIC FOUR ]] | MAI BASIC Four Inc. | Business BASIC | - | 1974 | [[PROSE modeling language ]] | [[CDC 6600 Cybernet Services ]] | SLANG, FORTRAN | - | 1975 | [[ABC (programming language) | ABC ]] | Leo Geurts and [[Lambert Meertens ]] | [[SETL ]] | - | 1975 | [[Irvine Dataflow (concept) ]] | Arvind ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1975 | [[PROSE modeling language Time-Sharing Version ]] | [[CDC 6400 Cybernet KRONOS Services ]] | SLANG, FORTRAN | - | 1975 | [[Scheme (programming language) | Scheme ]] | [[Gerald Jay Sussman, Guy L. Steele, Jr. ]] | LISP | - | 1975 | [[Altair BASIC ]] | [[Bill Gates, Paul Allen ]] | BASIC | - | 1975 | [[CS-4 (programming language) | CS-4 ]] | James S. Miller, Benjamin M. Brosgol ''et al.'' at [[Intermetrics ]] | ALGOL 68, BLISS, ECL, HAL | - | 1975 | [[Modula ]] | [[Niklaus Wirth ]] | Pascal | - | 1976 | [[Plus (programming language) | Plus ]] | Allan Ballard, Paul Whaley at the [[University of British Columbia ]] | Pascal, Sue | - | 1976 | [[Smalltalk-76 ]] | [[PARC (company) | Xerox PARC ]] | Smalltalk-72 | - | 1976 | [[Mesa (programming language) | Mesa ]] | [[PARC (company) | Xerox PARC ]] | ALGOL | - | 1976 | SAM76 | Claude A.R. Kagan | LISP, TRAC | - | 1976 | [[Ratfor ]] | [[Brian Kernighan ]] | C, FORTRAN | - | 1976 | [[S (programming language) | S ]] | [[John Chambers (programmer) | John Chambers at Bell Labs ]] | APL, PPL, Scheme | - | 1976 | [[SAS language | SAS ]] | [[SAS Institute ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1976 | [[Integer BASIC ]] | [[Steve Wozniak ]] | BASIC | - | 1977 | [[FP (programming language) | FP ]] | [[John Backus ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1977 | [[Bourne shell | Bourne Shell (sh) ]] | [[Stephen R. Bourne ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1977 | [[Commodore BASIC ]] | [[Jack Tramiel ]] | BASIC | - | 1977 | [[IDL (programming language) | IDL ]] | David Stern of Research Systems Inc | Fortran | - | 1977 | [[MUMPS | Standard MUMPS ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | MUMPS | - | 1977 | [[Icon (programming language) | Icon (concept) ]] | [[Ralph Griswold ]] | SNOBOL | - | 1977 | Red | Benjamin M. Brosgol ''et al.'' at [[Intermetrics for United States Department of Defense | US Dept of Defense ]] | ALGOL 68, CS-4 | - | 1977 | Blue | John B. Goodenough<ref>{{Cite web | //www.us-cert.gov/bsi/about-us/authors/john-goodenough | title=John Goodenough {{!}} CISA | website=www.us-cert.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | //resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/author.cfm | title=John B. Goodenough | website=resources.sei.cmu.edu}}</ref> ''et al.'' at [[SofTech for United States Department of Defense | US Dept of Defense ]] | ALGOL 68 | - | 1977 | Yellow | Jay Spitzen ''et al.'' at [[SRI International for United States Department of Defense | US Dept of Defense ]] | ALGOL 68 | - | 1977 | [[Euclid (programming language) | Euclid ]] | [[Butler Lampson at PARC (company) | Xerox PARC, Ric Holt and James Cordy at University of Toronto ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1977 | [[Applesoft BASIC ]] | [[Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland ]] | BASIC | - | 1978 | [[Freddy II | RAPT ]] | [[Pat Ambler and Robin Popplestone ]] | [[APT (programming language) | APT ]] | - | 1978 | [[C shell ]] | [[Bill Joy ]] | [[C (programming language) | C ]] | - | 1978 | [[RPG III ]] | [[IBM ]] | [[FARGO, IBM RPG | RPG, RPG II ]] | - | 1978 | [[HAL/S ]] | designed by Intermetrics for NASA | [[XPL ]] | - | 1978 | [[Applesoft BASIC | Applesoft II BASIC ]] | [[Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland ]] | Applesoft BASIC | - | 1975 | [[Irvine Dataflow (implementation) ]] | Arvind and Gostelow, [[University of California, Irvine ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1978 | [[MATLAB ]] | [[Cleve Moler at the University of New Mexico ]] | [[Fortran ]] | - | 1978 | [[SMALL ]] | Nevil Brownlee at the [[University of Auckland ]] | Algol60 | - | 1978 | [[VisiCalc ]] | [[Dan Bricklin, Bob Frankston marketed by VisiCorp ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1979 | [[TI BASIC (TI 99/4A) ]] | [[Texas Instruments ]] | [[BASIC ]] | - | 1979 | [[Modula-2 ]] | [[Niklaus Wirth ]] | Modula, Mesa | - | 1979 | [[REXX ]] | [[Mike Cowlishaw at IBM ]] | PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2 | - | 1979 | [[AWK ]] | [[Alfred Aho, Peter J. Weinberger, Brian Kernighan ]] | C, SNOBOL | - | 1979 | [[Icon (programming language) | Icon (implementation) ]] | [[Ralph Griswold ]] | SNOBOL | - | 1979 | [[DBase | Vulcan dBase-II ]] | [[Wayne Ratliff ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - class="sortbottom" ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | } ==1980s== { | class="wikitable sortable" | - ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | - | 1980 | [[Ada (programming language) | Ada 80 (MIL-STD-1815) ]] | [[Jean Ichbiah at Groupe Bull | CII Honeywell Bull ]] | Green | - | 1980 | [[C++ | C with classes ]] | [[Bjarne Stroustrup<ref>
</ref> ]] | C, Simula 67 | - | 1980 | [[Applesoft BASIC | Applesoft III ]] | [[Apple Computer ]] | Applesoft II BASIC | - | 1980 | [[Applesoft BASIC | Apple III Microsoft BASIC ]] | Microsoft | Microsoft BASIC | - | 1980–81 | [[CBASIC ]] | [[Gordon Eubanks ]] | BASIC, Compiler Systems, Digital Research | - | 1980 | [[Smalltalk-80 ]] | [[Adele Goldberg (computer scientist) | Adele Goldberg at PARC (company) | Xerox PARC ]] | Smalltalk-76 | - | 1981 | [[TI Extended BASIC ]] | [[Texas Instruments ]] | [[TI BASIC (TI 99/4A) ]] | - | 1981 | [[BBC BASIC ]] | [[Acorn Computers, Sophie Wilson ]] | BASIC | - | 1981 | [[IBM BASICA ]] | [[Microsoft ]] | BASIC | - | 1982 | [[Speakeasy (computational environment) | Speakeasy-IV ]] | Stanley Cohen, ''et al.'' at Speakeasy Computing Corporation | Speakeasy-3 | - | 1982 | [[Draco (programming language) | Draco ]] | Chris Gray | [[Pascal (programming language) | Pascal, C (programming language) | C, ALGOL 68 ]] | - | 1982 | [[PostScript ]] | [[John Warnock | Warnock ]] | [[InterPress ]] | - | 1982 | [[Turing (programming language) | Turing ]] | [[Ric Holt and James Cordy, at University of Toronto ]] | [[Euclid (programming language) | Euclid ]] | - | 1983 | [[GW-BASIC ]] | [[Microsoft ]] | [[IBM BASICA ]] | - | 1983 | [[Turbo Pascal ]] | [[Anders Hejlsberg | Hejlsberg at Borland ]] | [[Pascal (programming language) | Pascal ]] | - | 1983 | [[Ada (programming language) | Ada 83 (ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A) ]] | [[Jean Ichbiah at Alsys ]] | Ada 80, Green | - | 1983 | [[Objective-C ]] | [[Brad Cox ]] | Smalltalk, C | - | 1983 | [[C++ ]] | [[Bjarne Stroustrup ]] | C with Classes | - | 1983 | [[True BASIC ]] | [[John George Kemeny, Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College ]] | BASIC | - | 1983 | [[Occam (programming language) | occam ]] | [[David May (computer scientist) | David May ]] | EPL | - | 1983 | [[ABAP ]] | [[SAP AG ]] | [[COBOL ]] | - | 1983 | [[KornShell (ksh) ]] | [[David Korn (computer scientist) | David Korn ]] | sh | - | 1983 | [[Clascal ]] | [[Apple Computer ]] | [[Pascal (programming language) | Pascal ]] | - | timeline_of_programming_languages | 1984 | [[Clipper (programming language) | CLIPPER ]] | [[Nantucket, Massachusetts | Nantucket ]] | [[dBase ]] | - | 1984 | [[Common Lisp ]] | [[Guy L. Steele, Jr. and many others ]] | LISP | - | 1984 | [[Coq ]] | [[INRIA ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1984 | [[RPL (programming language) | RPL ]] | [[Hewlett-Packard ]] | [[Forth (programming language) | Forth, Lisp (programming language) | Lisp ]] | - | 1984 | [[Standard ML ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | ML | - | 1984 | [[Core War | Redcode ]] | [[Alexander Dewdney and D. G. Jones | D.G. Jones ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1984 | [[Open Programming Language | OPL ]] | [[Psion (company) | Psion ]] | [[BASIC ]] | - | 1985 | [[Paradox (database) | PARADOX ]] | [[Borland ]] | [[dBase ]] | - | 1985 | [[QuickBASIC ]] | [[Microsoft ]] | [[BASIC ]] | - | 1985 | A<ref>{{Cite web | //aplwiki.com/wiki/A | title = A - APL Wiki}}</ref> | [[Arthur Whitney (computer scientist) | Arthur Whitney ]] | APL | - | 1986 | [[Clarion (programming language) | Clarion ]] | Bruce Barrington | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1986 | [[CorVision ]] | Cortex | INFORM | - | 1986 | [[Eiffel (programming language) | Eiffel ]] | [[Bertrand Meyer ]] | Simula 67, Ada | - | 1986 | [[GFA BASIC ]] | [[Frank Ostrowski ]] | [[BASIC ]] | - | 1986 | [[IBM Informix-4GL | Informix-4GL ]] | [[IBM Informix | Informix ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1986 | [[LabVIEW ]] | [[National Instruments ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1986 | [[Miranda (programming language) | Miranda ]] | [[David Turner (computer scientist) | David Turner at University of Kent ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1986 | [[Object Pascal ]] | [[Apple Computer ]] | Pascal | - | 1986 | [[PROMAL ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | C | - | 1986 | [[Erlang (programming language) | Erlang ]] | [[Joe Armstrong (programmer) | Joe Armstrong and others in Ericsson ]] | Prolog | - | 1987 | [[Ada (programming language) | 1987 ]] | ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A unchanged | Ada 83 | - | 1987 | [[Self (programming language) | Self (concept) ]] | [[Sun Microsystems Inc. ]] | Smalltalk | - | 1987 | [[Occam (programming language) | occam 2 ]] | [[David May (computer scientist) | David May and INMOS ]] | [[Occam (programming language) | occam ]] | - | 1987 | [[HyperTalk ]] | [[Apple Computer ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1987 | [[Perl ]] | [[Larry Wall ]] | C, sed, awk, sh | - | 1987 | [[Oberon (programming language) | Oberon ]] | [[Niklaus Wirth ]] | Modula-2 | - | 1987 | [[Mathematica (Wolfram Language<!– was named that years later, is the language of the larger system Mathematica–>) ]] | [[Wolfram Research ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1987 | [[Turbo Basic ]] | Robert 'Bob' Zale | BASIC/Z | - | 1987 | [[Clean (programming language) | Clean ]] | Software Technology Research Group of [[Radboud University Nijmegen ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1988 | [[GNU Octave | Octave ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | [[MATLAB ]] | - | 1988 | [[Tcl ]] | [[John Ousterhout ]] | Awk, Lisp | - | 1988 | [[STOS BASIC ]] | [[François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos ]] | [[BASIC ]] | - | 1988 | [[Actor (programming language) | Actor ]] | Charles Duff, the Whitewater Group | Forth, Smalltalk | - | 1988 | [[Object REXX ]] | Simon C. Nash | REXX, Smalltalk | - | 1988 | [[SPARK (programming language) | SPARK ]] | Bernard A. Carré | Ada | - | 1988 | [[A+ (programming language) | A+ ]] | [[Arthur Whitney (computer scientist) | Arthur Whitney ]] | APL, A | - | 1988 | [[Hamilton C shell ]] | Nicole Hamilton | [[C shell ]] | - | 1988-1989 | [[ANSI C | C90 ]] | 1990 | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1989 | Object-oriented programming | Turbo Pascal OOP ]] | [[Anders Hejlsberg at Borland ]] | Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal | - | 1989 | [[Modula-3 ]] | Cardeli, et al. [[Digital Equipment Corporation | DEC and Olivetti ]] | Modula-2 | - | 1989 | [[PowerBASIC ]] | Robert 'Bob' Zale | Turbo Basic | - | 1989 | [[VisSim ]] | Peter Darnell, Visual Solutions | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1989 | [[LPC (programming language) | LPC ]] | [[Lars Pensjö ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1989 | [[Bash (Unix shell) | Bash ]] | [[Brian Fox (computer programmer) | Brian Fox ]] | [[Bourne shell, C shell, KornShell ]] | - | 1989 | [[Magik (programming language) | Magik ]] | Arthur Chance, of [[Smallworld Systems Ltd ]] | [[Smalltalk ]] | - class="sortbottom" ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | } ==1990s== { | class="wikitable sortable" | - ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | - | 1990 | [[Sather ]] | [[Steve Omohundro ]] | [[Eiffel (programming language) | Eiffel ]] | - | 1990 | [[AMOS (programming language) | AMOS BASIC ]] | [[François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos ]] | [[STOS BASIC ]] | - | 1990 | [[AMPL ]] | [[Robert Fourer, David Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1990 | [[Object Oberon ]] | H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer | [[Oberon (programming language) | Oberon ]] | - | 1990 | [[J (programming language) | J ]] | [[Kenneth E. Iverson, Roger Hui at Iverson Software ]] | [[APL (programming language) | APL, FP (programming language) | FP ]] | - | 1990 | [[Haskell (programming language) | Haskell ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | [[Miranda (programming language) | Miranda ]] | - | 1990 | [[EuLisp ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | [[Common Lisp, Scheme (programming language) | Scheme ]] | - | 1990 | [[Z shell | Z Shell (zsh) ]] | Paul Falstad at [[Princeton University ]] | ksh | - | 1990 | [[SKILL ]] | T. J. Barnes at [[Cadence Design Systems ]] | [[Franz Lisp ]] | - | 1991 | [[GNU E ]] | David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Carey | [[C++ ]] | - | 1991 | [[Oberon-2 (programming language) | Oberon-2 ]] | Hanspeter Mössenböck, [[Niklaus Wirth | Wirth ]] | Object Oberon | - | 1991 | [[Oz (programming language) | Oz ]] | Gert Smolka and his students | Prolog | - | 1991 | [[Pure (programming language) | Q ]] | Albert Gräf | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1991 | [[Python (programming language) | Python ]] | [[Guido van Rossum ]] | [[ABC (programming language) | ABC, C (programming language) | C ]] | - | 1991 | [[Visual Basic (classic) | Visual Basic ]] | [[Alan Cooper, sold to Microsoft ]] | QuickBASIC | - | 1992 | [[Turbo Pascal | Borland Pascal ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | Turbo Pascal OOP | - | 1992 | [[Dylan (programming language) | Dylan ]] | many people at [[Apple Computer ]] | [[Common Lisp, Scheme ]] | - | 1992 | [[S-Lang ]] | John E. Davis | [[PostScript ]] | - | 1993 | [[Self (programming language) | Self (implementation) ]] | [[Sun Microsystems Inc. ]] | Smalltalk | - | 1993 | [[Amiga E ]] | Wouter van Oortmerssen | DEX, [[C (programming language) | C, Modula-2 ]] | - | 1993 | [[Brainfuck ]] | Urban Müller | P'′ | - | 1993 | [[Transcript (programming language) | LiveCode Transcript ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | HyperTalk | - | 1993 | [[AppleScript ]] | [[Apple Computer ]] | HyperTalk | - | 1993 | [[K (programming language) | K ]] | [[Arthur Whitney (computer scientist) | Arthur Whitney ]] | APL, Lisp | - | 1993 | [[Lua (programming language) | Lua ]] | [[Roberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio ]] | Scheme, SNOBOL, Modula, CLU, [[C++ ]] | - | 1993 | [[R (programming language) | R ]] | [[Robert Gentleman (statistician) | Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka ]] | S | - | 1993 | [[ZPL (programming language) | ZPL ]] | Chamberlain ''et al.'' at [[University of Washington ]] | C | - | 1993 | [[NewtonScript ]] | Walter Smith | Self, Dylan | - | 1993 | [[Euphoria (programming language) | Euphoria ]] | Robert Craig | SNOBOL, AWK, ABC, Icon, Python | - | 1994 | [[Claire (programming language) | Claire ]] | Yves Caseau | Smalltalk, SETL, OPS5, Lisp, ML, [[C (programming language) | C, LORE, LAURE ]] | - | 1994 | [[Common Lisp | ANSI Common Lisp ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | [[Common Lisp ]] | - | 1994 | [[RAPID ]] | [[ABB Group ]] | ARLA | - | 1994 | [[Pike (programming language) | Pike ]] | Fredrik Hübinette et al. at [[Linköping University ]] | [[LPC (programming language) | LPC, C (programming language) | C, µLPC ]] | - | 1994 | [[Forth (programming language) | ANS Forth ]] | [[Elizabeth Rather, et al. ]] | Forth | - | 1995 | [[Ada (programming language) | Ada 95 ]] | S. Tucker Taft, et al. at Intermetrics, Inc. | Ada 83 | - | 1995 | [[Borland Delphi ]] | [[Anders Hejlsberg at Borland ]] | Borland Pascal | - | 1995 | [[ColdFusion | ColdFusion (CFML) ]] | [[Allaire Corporation | Allaire ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1995 | [[Java (programming language) | Java ]] | [[James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ]] | [[C (programming language) | C, Simula 67, C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C, Mesa ]] | - | 1995 | [[JavaScript | LiveScript ]] | [[Brendan Eich at Netscape ]] | Self, [[C (programming language) | C, Scheme ]] | - | 1995 | [[Mercury (programming language) | Mercury ]] | [[Zoltan Somogyi at University of Melbourne ]] | Prolog, Hope, Haskell | - | 1995 | [[PHP ]] | [[Rasmus Lerdorf ]] | Perl | - | 1995 | [[Ruby (programming language) | Ruby ]] | [[Yukihiro Matsumoto ]] | Smalltalk, Perl | - | 1995 | [[JavaScript ]] | [[Brendan Eich at Netscape ]] | LiveScript | - | 1995 | [[Racket (programming language) | Racket ]] | [[Matthew Flatt at Rice University ]] | [[Scheme (programming language) | Scheme, Lisp (programming language) | Lisp ]] | - | 1996 | [[Curl (programming language) | Curl ]] | David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology | MIT ]] | Lisp, [[C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML ]] | - | 1996 | [[Lasso (programming language) | Lasso ]] | Blue World Communications Inc. | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1996 | [[Perl Data Language (PDL) ]] | [[Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller ]] | APL, Perl | - | 1996 | [[VBScript ]] | Microsoft | Visual Basic | - | 1996 | [[OCaml ]] | [[INRIA ]] | Caml Light, Standard ML | - | 1996 | [[NetRexx ]] | [[Mike Cowlishaw ]] | REXX | - | 1997 | [[Component Pascal ]] | Oberon microsystems, Inc | Oberon-2 | - | 1997 | [[E (programming language) | E ]] | [[Mark S. Miller ]] | Joule, Original-E | - | 1997 | [[Pico (programming language) | Pico ]] | Free University of [[Brussels ]] | Scheme | - | 1997 | [[Squeak ]] | [[Alan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer ]] | Smalltalk-80, Self | - | 1997 | [[ECMAScript ]] | [[Ecma International | ECMA TC39-TG1 ]] | [[JavaScript ]] | - | 1997 | [[F-Script (programming language) | F-Script ]] | Philippe Mougin | Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C | - | 1997 | [[ISLISP ]] | ISO Standard ISLISP | [[Common Lisp ]] | - | 1997 | [[Tea (programming language) | Tea ]] | Jorge Nunes | [[Java (programming language) | Java, Scheme (programming language) | Scheme, Tcl ]] | - | 1997 | [[REBOL ]] | [[Carl Sassenrath, Rebol Technologies ]] | [[Self (programming language) | Self, Forth (programming language) | Forth, Lisp (programming language) | Lisp, Logo (programming language) | Logo ]] | - | 1998 | [[Logtalk ]] | Paulo Moura (then at [[University of Coimbra) ]] | Prolog | - | 1998 | [[ActionScript ]] | [[Gary Grossman ]] | ECMAScript | - | 1998 | [[C++ | Standard C++ ]] | ANSI/ISO Standard C++ | [[C++, Standard C, C ]] | - | 1998 | [[M2001 ]] | Ronald E. Prather, [[Trinity University (Texas) ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 1998 | [[PureBasic ]] | Frederic Laboureur, Fantaisie Software | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 1998 | [[UnrealScript ]] | [[Tim Sweeney (game developer) | Tim Sweeney at Epic Games ]] | [[C++, Java (programming language) | Java ]] | - | 1998 | [[XSL Transformations | XSLT (+ XPath) ]] | [[World Wide Web Consortium | W3C, James Clark (XML expert) | James Clark ]] | [[Document Style Semantics and Specification Language | DSSSL ]] | - | 1998 | [[Xojo (REALbasic at the time) ]] | Xojo, Inc., Andrew Barry | [[Visual Basic (classic) | Visual Basic ]] | - | 1999 | [[C99 ]] | 1999 | C90 | C90 ]] | - | 1999 | [[Gambas ]] | [[Benoît Minisini ]] | [[Visual Basic (classic) | Visual Basic, Java (programming language) | Java ]] | - | 1999 | [[Game Maker Language (GML) ]] | [[Mark Overmars ]] | Studio | Game Maker ]] | - | 1999 | [[Harbour (software) | Harbour ]] | Antonio Linares | [[dBase, Clipper (programming language) | Clipper ]] | - class="sortbottom" ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | } ==2000s== { | class="wikitable sortable" | - ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | - | 2000 | [[Join Java ]] | G Stewart von Itzstein | [[Java (programming language) | Java ]] | - | 2000 | [[DarkBASIC | DarkBasic ]] | [[The Game Creators ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 2000 | [[C Sharp (programming language) | C ]] | [[Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft (Ecma International | ECMA) ]] | [[C (programming language) | C, C++, Java (programming language) | Java, Delphi (programming language) | Delphi, Modula-2 ]] | - | 2001 | [[Joy (programming language) | Joy ]] | Manfred von Thun | [[FP (programming language) | FP, Forth (programming language) | Forth ]] | - | 2001 | [[AspectJ ]] | [[Gregor Kiczales, PARC (company) | Xerox PARC ]] | [[Java (programming language) | Java, Common Lisp ]] | - | 2001 | [[D (programming language) | D ]] | [[Walter Bright, Digital Mars ]] | [[C (programming language) | C, C++, C Sharp (programming language) | C, Java (programming language) | Java ]] | - | 2001 | [[Processing (programming language) | Processing ]] | [[Casey Reas and Benjamin Fry ]] | [[Java (programming language) | Java, C (programming language) | C, C++<ref>
</ref> ]] | - | 2001 | [[Visual Basic .NET ]] | [[Microsoft ]] | [[Visual Basic (classic) | Visual Basic ]] | - | 2001 | [[GDScript (GDS) ]] | Juan Linietsky, Ariel Manzur (OKAM Studio) | [[Godot (game engine) | Godot ]] | - | 2001 | [[Shakespeare Programming Language ]] | Jon Åslund and Karl Hasselström. | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 2002 | [[Io (programming language) | Io ]] | Steve Dekorte | [[Self (programming language) | Self, NewtonScript, Lua (programming language) | Lua ]] | - | 2002 | [[Gosu (programming language) | Gosu ]] | Guidewire Software | [[GScript ]] | - | 2002 | [[Scratch (programming language) | Scratch ]] | [[Mitchel Resnick, John Maloney, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Tammy Stern, Amon Millner, Jay Silver, and Brian Silverman ]] | [[Logo (programming language) | Logo, Smalltalk, Squeak, E-Toys | E-Toys, HyperCard, AgentSheets, StarLogo, Tweak ]] | - | 2003 | [[Nemerle ]] | University of [[Wrocław ]] | [[C Sharp (programming language) | C, Standard ML | ML, MetaHaskell ]] | - | 2003 | [[Factor (programming language) | Factor ]] | [[Slava Pestov ]] | Joy, Forth, Lisp | - | 2003 | [[Scala (programming language) | Scala ]] | [[Martin Odersky ]] | Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml | - | 2003 | [[C++03 ]] | 2003 | [[C++, Standard C, C (programming language) | C ]] | - | 2003 | [[Squirrel (programming language) | Squirrel ]] | Alberto Demichelis | [[Lua (programming language) | Lua ]] | - | 2003 | [[Boo (programming language) | Boo ]] | Rodrigo B. de Oliveira | [[Python (programming language) | Python, C Sharp (programming language) | C ]] | - | 2004 | [[Subtext (programming language) | Subtext ]] | Jonathan Edwards | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 2004 | [[Alma-0 ]] | Krzysztof Apt, [[Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 2004 | [[FreeBASIC ]] | Andre Victor | QBasic | - | 2004 | [[Groovy (programming language) | Groovy ]] | [[James Strachan (programmer) | James Strachan ]] | [[Java (programming language) | Java ]] | - | 2004 | [[Little b (programming language) | Little b ]] | Aneil Mallavarapu, [[Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology ]] | Lisp | - | 2005 | [[Fantom (programming language) | Fantom ]] | Brian Frank, Andy Frank | [[C Sharp (programming language) | C, Scala, Ruby, Erlang ]] | - | 2005 | [[F Sharp (programming language) | F ]] | [[Don Syme, Microsoft Research ]] | [[OCaml, C Sharp (programming language) | C, Haskell (programming language) | Haskell ]] | - | 2005 | [[Haxe ]] | Nicolas Cannasse | [[ActionScript, OCaml, Java (programming language) | Java ]] | - | 2005 | [[Oxygene (programming language) | Oxygene ]] | [[RemObjects Software ]] | [[Object Pascal, C Sharp (programming language) | C ]] | - | 2005 | [[PWCT ]] | [[Mahmoud Samir Fayed ]] | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 2005 | [[Seed7 ]] | Thomas Mertes | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 2006 | [[Cobra (programming language) | Cobra ]] | Chuck Esterbrook | [[Python (programming language) | Python, C Sharp (programming language) | C, Eiffel, Objective-C ]] | - | 2006 | [[Windows PowerShell ]] | [[Microsoft ]] | [[C Sharp (programming language) | C, ksh, Perl, Control Language | CL, DIGITAL Command Language | DCL, SQL ]] | - | 2006 | [[OptimJ ]] | [[Ateji ]] | [[Java (programming language) | Java ]] | - | 2006 | [[Fortress (programming language) | Fortress ]] | [[Guy L. Steele, Jr. | Guy Steele ]] | [[Scala (programming language) | Scala, Standard ML | ML, Haskell (programming language) | Haskell ]] | - | 2006 | [[Vala (programming language) | Vala ]] | [[GNOME ]] | [[C Sharp (programming language) | C ]] | - | 2007 | [[Ada (programming language) | Ada 2005 ]] | Ada Rapporteur Group | Ada 95 | - | 2007 | [[Agda (programming language) | Agda ]] | Ulf Norell | [[Coq, Epigram (programming language) | Epigram, Haskell (programming language) | Haskell ]] | - | 2007 | [[QB64 ]] | Galleon, QB64Team | QBasic | - | 2007 | [[Clojure ]] | [[Rich Hickey ]] | [[Lisp (programming language) | Lisp, ML (programming language) | ML, Haskell (programming language) | Haskell, Erlang (programming language) | Erlang ]] | - | 2007 | [[LOLCODE ]] | Adam Lindsay | {{n/a | none (unique language)}} | - | 2007 | Oberon-07 | Oberon-07 ]] | [[Niklaus Wirth | Wirth ]] | Oberon | - | 2007 | [[Swift (parallel scripting language) ]] | [[University of Chicago, Argonne National Laboratory ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 2008 | [[Nim (programming language) | Nim ]] | Andreas Rumpf | [[Python (programming language) | Python, Lisp (programming language) | Lisp, Object Pascal ]] | - | 2008 | [[Genie (programming language) | Genie ]] | Jamie McCracken | [[Python (programming language) | Python, Boo (programming language) | Boo, D (programming language) | D, Object Pascal ]] | - | 2008 | [[Pure (programming language) | Pure ]] | Albert Gräf | Q | - | 2009 | [[Chapel (programming language) | Chapel ]] | Brad Chamberlain, [[Cray Inc. ]] | [[High Performance Fortran | HPF, ZPL (programming language) | ZPL ]] | - | 2009 | [[Go (programming language) | Go ]] | [[Google ]] | [[C (programming language) | C, Oberon (programming language) | Oberon, Limbo (programming language) | Limbo, Smalltalk ]] | - | 2009 | [[CoffeeScript ]] | [[Jeremy Ashkenas ]] | [[JavaScript, Ruby (programming language) | Ruby, Python (programming language) | Python, Haskell (programming language) | Haskell ]] | - | 2009 | [[Idris (programming language) | Idris ]] | Edwin Brady | [[Haskell (programming language) | Haskell, Agda (programming language) | Agda, Coq ]] | - | 2009 | [[ParaSail (programming language) | Parasail ]] | S. Tucker Taft, [[AdaCore ]] | [[Modula, Ada (programming language) | Ada, Pascal (programming language) | Pascal, ML (programming language) | ML ]] | - | 2009 | [[Whiley (programming language) | Whiley ]] | David J. Pearce | [[Java (programming language) | Java, C (programming language) | C, Python (programming language) | Python ]] | - | 2009 | [[Dafny ]] | K. Rustan M. Leino | [[Java (programming language) | Java, Spec Sharp | Spec ]] | - class="sortbottom" ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | } ==2010s== { | class="wikitable sortable" | - ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | - | 2010 | [[Rust (programming language) | Rust ]] | Graydon Hoare, [[Mozilla ]] | [[Alef (programming language) | Alef, C++, Camlp4, Erlang (programming language) | Erlang, Hermes (programming language) | Hermes, Limbo (programming language) | Limbo, Napier, Napier88, Newsqueak, NIL, Sather, Standard ML ]] | - | 2011 | [[C11 (C standard revision) | C11 ]] | 2011 | [[C99 ]] | - | 2011 | [[Ceylon Project | Ceylon ]] | Gavin King, [[Red Hat ]] | [[Java (programming language) | Java ]] | - | 2011 | [[Dart (programming language) | Dart ]] | [[Google ]] | [[Java (programming language) | Java, JavaScript, CoffeeScript, Go (programming language) | Go ]] | - | 2011 | [[C++11 ]] | 2011 | [[C++, Standard C, C (programming language) | C ]] | - | 2011 | [[Kotlin (programming language) | Kotlin ]] | [[JetBrains ]] | [[Java (programming language) | Java, Scala (programming language) | Scala, Groovy (programming language) | Groovy, C Sharp (programming language) | C, Gosu (programming language) | Gosu ]] | - | 2011 | [[Red (programming language) | Red ]] | Nenad Rakočević | [[Rebol, Scala (programming language) | Scala, Lua (programming language) | Lua ]] | - | 2011 | [[Opa (programming language) | Opa ]] | MLstate | [[OCaml, Erlang (programming language) | Erlang, JavaScript ]] | - | 2012 | [[Elixir (programming language) | Elixir ]] | José Valim | [[Erlang (programming language) | Erlang, Ruby (programming language) | Ruby, Clojure ]] | - | 2012 | [[Elm (programming language) | Elm ]] | Evan Czaplicki | [[Haskell (programming language) | Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml, F Sharp (programming language) | F ]] | - | 2012 | [[TypeScript ]] | [[Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft ]] | [[JavaScript, CoffeeScript ]] | - | 2012 | [[Julia (programming language) | Julia ]] | [[Jeff Bezanson, Stefan Karpinski, Viral Shah, Alan Edelman,<!– Leave out Alan? He is left out as “developer”, but included as “designer” in Julia's infobox as Jeff's PhD advisor(?):–> Massachusetts Institute of Technology | MIT ]] | [[MATLAB, Lisp (programming language) | Lisp,<!–only the parser is implemented by Femtolisp, a Scheme (programming language) | Scheme implementation (see: “unsupported” “julia –lisp” that invokes it) the only influence from Lisp/Scheme are Lisp-like macros, redundant to list Scheme. Also Dylan was cut from the list despite its “multiple dispatch”–> C (programming language) | C, Fortran, Mathematica<ref>
</ref> (strictly its Wolfram Language), Python (programming language) | Python, Perl, R (programming language) | R, Ruby (programming language) | Ruby, Lua (programming language) | Lua<ref>
</ref> ]] | - | 2012 | [[P (programming language) | P ]] | Vivek Gupta, Ethan Jackson, Shaz Qadeer, Sriram Rajamani, [[Microsoft ]] | timeline_of_programming_languages | - | 2012 | [[Ada (programming language) | Ada 2012 ]] | 2012) | 2007 | - | 2013 | [[P4 (programming language) | P4 ]] | //P4.org P4.org]) | - | 2013 | [[PureScript ]] | Phil Freeman | [[Haskell (programming language) | Haskell ]] | - | 2013 | [[Hopscotch (programming language) | Hopscotch ]] | Hopscotch Technologies | [[Scratch (programming language) | Scratch ]] | - | 2013 | [[Cuneiform (programming language) | Cuneiform ]] | Jörgen Brandt | [[Swift (parallel scripting language) ]] | - | 2014 | [[Crystal (programming language) | Crystal ]] | Ary Borenszweig, Manas Technology Solutions | [[Ruby (programming language) | Ruby, C (programming language) | C, Rust (programming language) | Rust, Go (programming language) | Go, C Sharp (programming language) | C, Python (programming language) | Python ]] | - | 2014 | [[Hack (programming language) | Hack ]] | [[Facebook ]] | [[PHP ]] | - | 2014 | [[Swift (programming language) | Swift ]] | [[Apple Inc. ]] | [[Objective-C, Rust (programming language) | Rust, Haskell (programming language) | Haskell, Ruby (programming language) | Ruby, Python (programming language) | Python, C Sharp (programming language) | C, CLU (programming language) | CLU ]] | - | 2014 | [[C++14 ]] | 2014 | [[C++, Standard C, C (programming language) | C ]] | - | 2015 | [[Raku (programming language) | Raku ]] | [[Larry Wall, The Rakudo Team ]] | [[Perl, Haskell (programming language) | Haskell, Python (programming language) | Python, Ruby (programming language) | Ruby ]] | - | 2015 | [[Zig (programming language) | Zig ]] | Andrew Kelley | [[C (programming language) | C, C++, LLVM IR, Go (programming language) | Go, Rust (programming language) | Rust ]] | - | 2016 | [[Reason (programming language) | Reason ]] | Jordan Walke | [[JavaScript, OCaml<ref>
</ref> ]] | - | 2016 | [[Ring (programming language) | Ring ]] | [[Mahmoud Samir Fayed ]] | [[Lua (programming language) | Lua, Python (programming language) | Python, Ruby (programming language) | Ruby, C (programming language) | C, C Sharp (programming language) | C, BASIC, QML, xBase, Supernova<ref name=“The Ring programming language and other languages”>
</ref> ]] | - | 2017 | [[C++17 ]] | 2017 | [[C++, Standard C, C (programming language) | C ]] | - | 2017 | [[Ballerina (programming language) | Ballerina ]] | [[WSO2, Open Source<ref>
</ref> ]] | [[Java (programming language) | Java, Javascript (programming language) | Javascript, Go (programming language) | Go, Rust (programming language) | Rust, C Sharp (programming language) | C ]] | - | 2017 | [[Q Sharp | Q ]] | [[Microsoft ]] | [[C Sharp (programming language) | C, F Sharp (programming language) | F, Python (programming language) | Python ]] | - | 2018 | [[C17 (C_standard_revision) | C17 ]] | 2018 | [[C11 (C_standard_revision) | C11 ]] | - | 2018 | Fortran 2018 | Fortran 2018 ]] | 2018 | Fortran 2008 | Fortran 2008 ]] | - | 2019 | [[Bosque (programming language) | Bosque ]] | Mark Marron, [[Microsoft ]] | [[JavaScript, TypeScript, ML (programming language) | ML ]] | - class="sortbottom" ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | } ==2020s== { | class="wikitable sortable" | - ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | - | 2020 | [[C++20 ]] | 2020 | [[C++, Standard C, C (programming language) | C ]] | - | 2021 | [[Microsoft Power Fx ]] | Vijay Mital, Robin Abraham, Shon Katzenberger, Darryl Rubin, [[Microsoft ]] | [[Microsoft Excel | Excel formulas ]] | - | 2022 | [[Carbon (programming language) | Carbon ]] | Google | C++ | - class="sortbottom" ! Year ! Name ! Chief developer, company ! Predecessor(s) | } ==See also== * [[History of computing hardware