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Python Module Index

• __future__ - Future statement definitions

• __main__ - The environment where the top-level script is run.

• _thread - Low-level threading API.

• abc - Abstract base classes according to PEP 3119.

• aifc - Read and write audio files in AIFF or AIFC format.

• argparse - Command-line option and argument parsing library.

• array - Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values.

• ast - Abstract Syntax Tree classes and manipulation.

• asynchat - Support for asynchronous command/response protocols.

• asyncio - Asynchronous I/O.

• asyncore - A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services.

• atexit - Register and execute cleanup functions.

• audioop - Manipulate raw audio data.

• base64 - RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85

• bdb - Debugger framework.

• binascii - Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations.

• binhex - Encode and decode files in binhex4 format.

• bisect - Array bisection algorithms for binary searching.

• builtins - The module that provides the built-in namespace.

• bz2 - Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression.

• calendar - Functions for working with calendars, including some emulation of the Unix cal program.

• cgi - Helpers for running Python scripts via the Common Gateway Interface.

• cgitb - Configurable traceback handler for CGI scripts.

• chunk - Module to read IFF chunks.

• cmath - Mathematical functions for complex numbers.

• cmd - Build line-oriented command interpreters.

• code - Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops.

• codecs - Encode and decode data and streams.

• codeop - Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code.

• collections - Container datatypes
  • collections.abc - Abstract base classes for containers
  • colorsys - Conversion functions between RGB and other color systems.

compileall]] - Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree. - concurrent]] -

   concurrent.futures]] - Execute computations concurrently using threads or processes.

configparser]] - Configuration file parser. contextlib]] - Utilities for with-statement contexts. contextvars]] - Context Variables copy]] - Shallow and deep copy operations. copyreg]] - Register pickle support functions. cProfile]] - crypt (Unix)]] - The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords. csv]] - Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files. ctypes]] - A foreign function library for Python. - curses (Unix)]] - An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling.

   curses.ascii]] - Constants and set-membership functions for ASCII characters.
   curses.panel]] - A panel stack extension that adds depth to curses windows.
   curses.textpad]] - Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.

• dataclasses - Generate special methods on user-defined classes.

• datetime - Basic date and time types.
• dbm - Interfaces to various Unix “database” formats.
  • dbm.dumb - Portable implementation of the simple DBM interface.
  • dbm.gnu (Unix) - GNU's reinterpretation of dbm.
  • dbm.ndbm (Unix) - The standard “database” interface, based on ndbm.

• decimal - Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification.

• difflib - Helpers for computing differences between objects.

• dis - Disassembler for Python bytecode.
  • distutils - Support for building and installing Python modules into an existing Python installation.
  • distutils.archive_util - Utility functions for creating archive files (tarballs, zip files, …)
  • distutils.bcppcompiler -
  • distutils.ccompiler - Abstract CCompiler class
  • distutils.cmd - Provides the abstract base class :class:`~distutils.cmd.Command`. This class is subclassed by the modules in the distutils.command subpackage.
  • distutils.command - Contains one module for each standard Distutils command.
  • distutils.command.bdist - Build a binary installer for a package
  • distutils.command.bdist_dumb - Build a “dumb” installer - a simple archive of files
  • distutils.command.bdist_msi - Build a binary distribution as a Windows MSI file

   distutils.command.bdist_packager]] - Abstract base class for packagers
   
   
   distutils.command.bdist_rpm]] - Build a binary distribution as a Redhat RPM and SRPM

   distutils.command.bdist_wininst]] - Build a Windows installer
   distutils.command.build]] - Build all files of a package
   distutils.command.build_clib]] - Build any C libraries in a package
   distutils.command.build_ext]] - Build any extensions in a package
   distutils.command.build_py]] - Build the .py/.pyc files of a package

   distutils.command.build_scripts]] - Build the scripts of a package
   distutils.command.check]] - Check the meta-data of a package
   distutils.command.clean]] - Clean a package build area
   distutils.command.config]] - Perform package configuration
   distutils.command.install]] - Install a package
   distutils.command.install_data]] - Install data files from a package
   distutils.command.install_headers]] - Install C/C++ header files from a package
   distutils.command.install_lib]] - Install library files from a package
   distutils.command.install_scripts]] - Install script files from a package
   distutils.command.register]] - Register a module with the Python Package Index
   distutils.command.sdist]] - Build a source distribution
   distutils.core]] - The core Distutils functionality
   distutils.cygwinccompiler]] - 
   distutils.debug]] - Provides the debug flag for distutils
   distutils.dep_util]] - Utility functions for simple dependency checking
   distutils.dir_util]] - Utility functions for operating on directories and directory trees
   distutils.dist]] - Provides the Distribution class, which represents the module distribution being built/installed/distributed
   distutils.errors]] - Provides standard distutils exceptions
   distutils.extension]] - Provides the Extension class, used to describe C/C++ extension modules in setup scripts
   distutils.fancy_getopt]] - Additional getopt functionality
   distutils.file_util]] - Utility functions for operating on single files
   distutils.filelist]] - The FileList class, used for poking about the file system and building lists of files.
   distutils.log]] - A simple logging mechanism, [[PEP 282`-style
   distutils.msvccompiler]] - Microsoft Compiler
   distutils.spawn]] - Provides the spawn() function
   distutils.sysconfig]] - Low-level access to configuration information of the Python interpreter.
   distutils.text_file]] - Provides the TextFile class, a simple interface to text files
   distutils.unixccompiler]] - UNIX C Compiler
   distutils.util]] - Miscellaneous other utility functions
   distutils.version]] - Implements classes that represent module version numbers.

doctest]] - Test pieces of code within docstrings.

• email - Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages.
  • email.charset - Character Sets
  • email.contentmanager - Storing and Retrieving Content from MIME Parts
  • email.encoders - Encoders for email message payloads.
  • email.errors - The exception classes used by the email package.
  • email.generator - Generate flat text email messages from a message structure.
  • email.header - Representing non-ASCII headers
  • email.headerregistry - Automatic Parsing of headers based on the field name
  • email.iterators - Iterate over a message object tree.
  • email.message - The base class representing email messages.
  • email.mime - Build MIME messages.
  • email.parser - Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure.
  • email.policy - Controlling the parsing and generating of messages
  • email.utils - Miscellaneous email package utilities.

• encodings -
  • encodings.idna - Internationalized Domain Names implementation
  • encodings.mbcs - Windows ANSI codepage
  • encodings.utf_8_sig - UTF-8 codec with BOM signature

ensurepip]] - Bootstrapping the “pip” installer into an existing Python installation or virtual environment. enum]] - Implementation of an enumeration class. errno]] - Standard errno system symbols.

faulthandler]] - Dump the Python traceback. fcntl (Unix)]] - The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls. filecmp]] - Compare files efficiently. fileinput]] - Loop over standard input or a list of files. fnmatch]] - Unix shell style filename pattern matching. formatter]] - Deprecated: Generic output formatter and device interface. fractions]] - Rational numbers. ftplib]] - FTP protocol client (requires sockets). functools]] - Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects.

gc]] - Interface to the cycle-detecting garbage collector. getopt]] - Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names. getpass]] - Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid. gettext]] - Multilingual internationalization services. glob]] - Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion. graphlib]] - Functionality to operate with graph-like structures grp (Unix)]] - The group database (getgrnam() and friends). gzip]] - Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects.

hashlib]] - Secure hash and message digest algorithms. heapq]] - Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a. priority queue). hmac]] - Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation

• html - Helpers for manipulating HTML.
  • html.entities - Definitions of HTML general entities.
  • html.parser - A simple parser that can handle HTML and XHTML.

• http - HTTP status codes and messages
  • http.client - HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets).
  • http.cookiejar - Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.
  • http.cookies - Support for HTTP state management (cookies).
  • http.server - HTTP server and request handlers.

imaplib]] - IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets). imghdr]] - Determine the type of image contained in a file or byte stream. imp]] - Deprecated: Access the implementation of the import statement.

• importlib - The implementation of the import machinery.
  • importlib.abc - Abstract base classes related to import
  • importlib.machinery - Importers and path hooks
  • importlib.resources - Package resource reading, opening, and access
  • importlib.util - Utility code for importers

• inspect - Extract information and source code from live objects.

io]] - Core tools for working with streams. ipaddress]] - IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library. itertools]] - Functions creating iterators for efficient looping.

• json - Encode and decode the JSON format.
  • json.tool - A command line to validate and pretty-print JSON.

• keyword - Test whether a string is a keyword in Python.

lib2to3]] - The 2to3 library linecache]] - Provides random access to individual lines from text files. locale]] - Internationalization services.

• logging - Flexible event logging system for applications.
  • logging.config - Configuration of the logging module.
  • logging.handlers - Handlers for the logging module.

lzma]] - A Python wrapper for the liblzma compression library.

mailbox]] - Manipulate mailboxes in various formats mailcap]] - Mailcap file handling. marshal]] - Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints). math]] - Mathematical functions (sin() etc.). mimetypes]] - Mapping of filename extensions to MIME types. mmap]] - Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows. modulefinder]] - Find modules used by a script. msilib (Windows)]] - Creation of Microsoft Installer files, and CAB files. msvcrt (Windows)]] - Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime.

• multiprocessing - Process-based parallelism.
  • multiprocessing.connection - API for dealing with sockets.
  • multiprocessing.dummy - Dumb wrapper around threading.
  • multiprocessing.managers - Share data between process with shared objects.
  • multiprocessing.pool - Create pools of processes.
  • multiprocessing.shared_memory - Provides shared memory for direct access across processes.
  • multiprocessing.sharedctypes - Allocate ctypes objects from shared memory.

netrc]] - Loading of .netrc files. nis (Unix)]] - Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages) library. nntplib]] - NNTP protocol client (requires sockets). numbers]] - Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.).

operator]] - Functions corresponding to the standard operators. optparse]] - Deprecated: Command-line option parsing library.

• os - Miscellaneous operating system interfaces.
  • os.path - Operations on pathnames.

ossaudiodev (Linux, FreeBSD)]] - Access to OSS-compatible audio devices.

parser]] - Access parse trees for Python source code. pathlib]] - Object-oriented filesystem paths pdb]] - The Python debugger for interactive interpreters. pickle]] - Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back. pickletools]] - Contains extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes, as well as some useful functions. pipes (Unix)]] - A Python interface to Unix shell pipelines. pkgutil]] - Utilities for the import system. platform]] - Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible. plistlib]] - Generate and parse Apple plist files. poplib]] - POP3 protocol client (requires sockets). posix (Unix)]] - The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os). pprint]] - Data pretty printer. profile]] - Python source profiler. pstats]] - Statistics object for use with the profiler. pty (Linux)]] - Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Linux. pwd (Unix)]] - The password database (getpwnam() and friends). py_compile]] - Generate byte-code files from Python source files. pyclbr]] - Supports information extraction for a Python module browser. pydoc]] - Documentation generator and online help system.

queue]] - A synchronized queue class. quopri]] - Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding.

random]] - Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions. re]] - Regular expression operations. readline (Unix)]] - GNU readline support for Python. reprlib]] - Alternate repr() implementation with size limits. resource (Unix)]] - An interface to provide resource usage information on the current process. rlcompleter]] - Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library. runpy]] - Locate and run Python modules without importing them first.

sched]] - General purpose event scheduler. secrets]] - Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets. select]] - Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams. selectors]] - High-level I/O multiplexing. shelve]] - Python object persistence. shlex]] - Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages. shutil]] - High-level file operations, including copying. signal]] - Set handlers for asynchronous events. site]] - Module responsible for site-specific configuration. smtpd]] - A SMTP server implementation in Python. smtplib]] - SMTP protocol client (requires sockets). sndhdr]] - Determine type of a sound file. socket]] - Low-level networking interface. socketserver]] - A framework for network servers. spwd (Unix)]] - The shadow password database (getspnam() and friends). sqlite3]] - A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x. ssl]] - TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects stat]] - Utilities for interpreting the results of os.stat(), os.lstat() and os.fstat(). statistics]] - Mathematical statistics functions string]] - Common string operations. stringprep]] - String preparation, as per RFC 3453 struct]] - Interpret bytes as packed binary data. subprocess]] - Subprocess management. sunau]] - Provide an interface to the Sun AU sound format. symbol]] - Constants representing internal nodes of the parse tree. symtable]] - Interface to the compiler's internal symbol tables. sys]] - Access system-specific parameters and functions. sysconfig]] - Python's configuration information syslog (Unix)]] - An interface to the Unix syslog library routines.

tabnanny]] - Tool for detecting white space related problems in Python source files in a directory tree. tarfile]] - Read and write tar-format archive files. telnetlib]] - Telnet client class. tempfile]] - Generate temporary files and directories. termios (Unix)]] - POSIX style tty control.

• test - Regression tests package containing the testing suite for Python.
  • test.support - Support for Python's regression test suite.
  • test.support.bytecode_helper - Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation.
  • test.support.script_helper - Support for Python's script execution tests.
  • test.support.socket_helper - Support for socket tests.

textwrap]] - Text wrapping and filling threading]] - Thread-based parallelism. time]] - Time access and conversions. timeit]] - Measure the execution time of small code snippets.

• tkinter - Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces
  • tkinter.colorchooser (Tk) - Color choosing dialog
  • tkinter.commondialog (Tk) - Tkinter base class for dialogs
  • tkinter.dnd (Tk) - Tkinter drag-and-drop interface
  • tkinter.filedialog (Tk) - Dialog classes for file selection
  • tkinter.font (Tk) - Tkinter font-wrapping class
  • tkinter.messagebox (Tk) - Various types of alert dialogs
  • tkinter.scrolledtext (Tk) - Text widget with a vertical scroll bar.
  • tkinter.simpledialog (Tk) - Simple dialog windows
  • tkinter.tix - Tk Extension Widgets for Tkinter
  • tkinter.ttk - Tk themed widget set

token]] - Constants representing terminal nodes of the parse tree. tokenize]] - Lexical scanner for Python source code. trace]] - Trace or track Python statement execution. traceback]] - Print or retrieve a stack traceback. tracemalloc]] - Trace memory allocations. tty (Unix)]] - Utility functions that perform common terminal control operations. turtle]] - An educational framework for simple graphics applications turtledemo]] - A viewer for example turtle scripts types]] - Names for built-in types. typing]] - Support for type hints (see PEP 484`). ==U== * [[unicodedata - Access the Unicode Database.

• unittest - Unit testing framework for Python.
  • unittest.mock - Mock object library.

• urllib -
  • urllib.error - Exception classes raised by urllib.request.
  • urllib.parse - Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.
  • urllib.request - Extensible library for opening URLs.
  • urllib.response - Response classes used by urllib.
  • urllib.robotparser - Load a robots.txt file and answer questions about fetchability of other URLs.

• uu - Encode and decode files in uuencode format.

• uuid - UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122

• venv - Creation of virtual environments.

warnings]] - Issue warning messages and control their disposition. wave]] - Provide an interface to the WAV sound format. weakref]] - Support for weak references and weak dictionaries. webbrowser]] - Easy-to-use controller for Web browsers. winreg (Windows)]] - Routines and objects for manipulating the Windows registry. winsound (Windows)]] - Access to the sound-playing machinery for Windows.

• wsgiref - WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation.
  • wsgiref.handlers - WSGI server/gateway base classes.
  • wsgiref.headers - WSGI response header tools.
  • wsgiref.simple_server - A simple WSGI HTTP server.
  • wsgiref.util - WSGI environment utilities.
  • wsgiref.validate - WSGI conformance checker.

• xdrlib - Encoders and decoders for the External Data Representation (XDR).
• xml - Package containing XML processing modules
  • xml.dom - Document Object Model API for Python.
  • xml.dom.minidom - Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation.
  • xml.dom.pulldom - Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events.
  • xml.etree.ElementTree - Implementation of the ElementTree API.
  • xml.parsers.expat - An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser.
  • xml.parsers.expat.errors -
  • xml.parsers.expat.model -
  • xml.sax - Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions.
  • xml.sax.handler - Base classes for SAX event handlers.
  • xml.sax.saxutils - Convenience functions and classes for use with SAX.
  • xml.sax.xmlreader - Interface which SAX-compliant XML parsers must implement.

• xmlrpc
  • xmlrpc.client - XML-RPC client access.
  • xmlrpc.server - Basic XML-RPC server implementations.

• zipapp - Manage executable Python zip archives

• zipfile - Read and write ZIP-format archive files.

• zipimport - Support for importing Python modules from ZIP archives.

• zlib - Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip.

• zoneinfo - IANA time zone support

Fair Use Sources:

• https://docs.python.org/3/py-modindex.html