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The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a fundamental networking protocol introduced in the early 1980s, primarily used to map an IP address to a physical machine address (MAC address) on a local network. When a device wants to communicate with another device on the same network, it sends an ARP request to obtain the MAC address corresponding to the IP address of the destination device. ARP operates at the data link layer of the OSI model and is essential for the proper functioning of Ethernet networks. However, ARP is vulnerable to various attacks, such as ARP spoofing, where malicious actors manipulate ARP messages to associate their MAC address with the IP address of another device, enabling them to intercept or modify network traffic. Proper network security measures, such as ARP spoofing detection and prevention mechanisms, are crucial to mitigate the risks associated with ARP vulnerabilities.

ARP is a protocol that maps an IP address to the hardware address (MAC) of a network interface.

The arp command is used to view or modify the kernel’s ARP table. Using arp, you can detect problems such as duplicate addresses on the network. Alternatively, you can use arp to manually add the required entries from your LAN.

“Remember that each IP packet must be encapsulated in a Layer 2 frame before it can be sent to the next hop. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to determine the destination media access control (MAC) address for that frame.”

“After a client has resolved a name to an IP address, it determines whether that IP address is on its local subnet. If it is, it issues an ARP broadcast on the segment asking for the holder of that IP address to respond with its MAC address. If the destination host is not on the local subnet, the client issues an ARP request for the default gateway IP address.”

“ARP requests are not issued for every bit of communication. As a client makes requests, the replies are remembered in the ARP cache. Each time a client needs to encapsulate a packet in a frame, it checks the ARP cache to see if it has a MAC match for the destination IP.”

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