Table of Contents
ls
Return to Linux, Linux CLI, List of POSIX commands, GNU Core Utilities, Linux Core Utilities commands (Linux File system commands, Linux Text utilities, Linux Shell utilities), Unix Commands from the Single UNIX Specification (Unix File system commands, Unix process commands, Unix user environment commands, Unix text processing commands, Unix shell builtin commands, Unix network utility commands, Unix searching commands, Unix documentation commands, Unix software development commands, Unix miscellaneous commands)
La commande ls est une commande de base dans les systèmes Unix et Linux utilisée pour lister les fichiers et répertoires d'un répertoire donné. Elle permet aux utilisateurs de voir rapidement quels fichiers sont présents dans un répertoire spécifique et d'obtenir des informations telles que les permissions, la taille, et la date de dernière modification. Utilisée couramment en ligne de commande, cette commande est essentielle pour la navigation et la gestion des fichiers dans les systèmes Unix.
French Wikipedia: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ls_(Unix)
The ls command is a basic command in Unix and Linux systems used to list files and directories in a given directory. It allows users to quickly see which files are present in a specific directory and to obtain information such as permissions, size, and last modification date. Commonly used in the command line, this command is essential for file navigation and management in Unix systems.
- Snippet from Wikipedia: Ls
In computing,
lsis a command to list computer files and directories in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It is specified by POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification.It is available in the EFI shell, as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities, or as part of ASCII's MSX-DOS2 Tools for MSX-DOS version 2.
The numerical computing environments MATLAB and GNU Octave include an
lsfunction with similar functionality.In other environments, such as DOS, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows, similar functionality is provided by the
dircommand.
In French, Give code or command line examples:
Voici quelques exemples de commandes utilisant la commande **ls** :
1. Lister les fichiers et répertoires dans le répertoire courant : ``` ls ```
2. Afficher les détails des fichiers, y compris les permissions et les dates de modification : ``` ls -l ```
3. Afficher les fichiers cachés (ceux dont le nom commence par un point) : ``` ls -a ```
4. Trier les fichiers par taille : ``` ls -S ```
5. Afficher une sortie détaillée avec des tailles de fichier lisibles par l'homme : ``` ls -lh ```
6. Lister les fichiers dans un répertoire spécifique : ``` ls /chemin/vers/le/repertoire ```
Detail
Answering in French, Summarize this Linux command in 5 paragraphs. IMMEDIATELY after the French term, list the equivalent English term. Mention its date of invention/creation and inventor/creator, date of introduction/founding. Make the French Wikipedia or other references URLs as raw URLs. You MUST put double square brackets around each programming term, technology, product, computer buzzword or jargon or technical words. Put a section heading for each paragraph. Section headings must start and end with 2 equals signs. Do not put double square brackets around words in section headings.
ls Command Automation with Python
See: ls Automation with Python
Return to chmod, Automation with Python, Linux Automation, Linux CLI
In English, Summarize this topic in 6 paragraphs. Give 5 code examples. Make the Wikipedia or other references URLs as raw URLs. Put a section heading for each paragraph. Section headings must start and end with 2 equals signs. Do not put double square brackets around words in section headings. You MUST put double square brackets around ALL computer buzzwords, product names, or jargon or technical words.
ls Command Automation with Bash Scripting
Return to ls, Automation with Bash Scripting, Linux Automation with Python, Linux Automation, Linux CLI
In English, Summarize this topic in 6 paragraphs. Give 5 code examples. Make the Wikipedia or other references URLs as raw URLs. Put a section heading for each paragraph. Section headings must start and end with 2 equals signs. Do not put double square brackets around words in section headings. You MUST put double square brackets around ALL computer buzzwords, product names, or jargon or technical words.
Introduction
Automation with Bash refers to the process of automating repetitive tasks using the Bash scripting language in Unix-based systems. Bash, short for “Bourne Again Shell,” is a command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. Automation with Bash is widely used in system administration, software deployment, and data processing tasks due to its flexibility and ease of use. By writing Bash scripts, users can automate tasks such as file management, software installation, and system monitoring, thus improving efficiency and reducing manual errors.
Benefits of Automation with Bash
There are several benefits to automating tasks with Bash scripts. Firstly, automation reduces the amount of manual intervention required, saving time and effort for system administrators and developers. Tasks that would otherwise be repetitive and time-consuming can be performed automatically, allowing personnel to focus on more critical aspects of their work. Additionally, Bash scripts can be easily customized and modified to suit specific requirements, providing flexibility in automation solutions. Moreover, automation helps ensure consistency in tasks execution, minimizing the risk of human error and increasing overall reliability.
Basic Syntax and Commands
In Bash scripting, commands are executed sequentially, with each command typically followed by a newline character or a semicolon. Variables can be declared using the syntax var_name=value, and their values can be accessed using the $ symbol. Conditional statements such as if-else and case are used for decision-making, while loops enable repetitive execution of commands until a certain condition is met. Additionally, Bash provides numerous built-in commands and utilities for file manipulation, text processing, and system administration tasks, facilitating automation across various domains.
Example: File Backup Script
Below is an example of a Bash script for automating file backups. This script copies files from a source directory to a destination directory, creating backups with timestamps in the filename. ```bash
- !/bin/bash
source_dir=“/path/to/source” dest_dir=“/path/to/destination” backup_name=“backup_$(date +”%Y%m%d_%H%M%S“).tar.gz” tar -czf “$dest_dir/$backup_name” “$source_dir” ```
Example: System Monitoring Script
Another common use case for Bash automation is system monitoring. The following script monitors CPU and memory usage using the `top` command and saves the output to a log file. ```bash
- !/bin/bash
log_file=“system_monitor.log” top -n 1 -b ]] | grep "Cpu\ | !/bin/bash package_name="example-package" apt-get install -y "$package_name" ``` == Conclusion == Automation with Bash is a powerful tool for streamlining repetitive tasks in Unix-based systems. By leveraging the flexibility and simplicity of the Bash scripting language, users can automate various processes such as file management, system monitoring, and software installation. With the ability to customize scripts according to specific requirements, automation with Bash offers significant benefits in terms of time savings, reliability, and consistency. As a fundamental skill for system administrators and developers, proficiency in Bash scripting can greatly enhance productivity and efficiency in managing Unix environments. ==Fair Use Sources== [[Fair Use Sources:
- Bash Scripting for Archive Access for Fair Use Preservation, quoting, paraphrasing, excerpting and/or commenting upon
Automation: DevOps Automation, Cloud Automation, Security Automation, Build Automation, Scripting, PowerShell Automation, Python Automation, Bash Automation, Node.js Automation, Business Process Automation,m Automation GitHub, Awesome Automation. (navbar_automation - see also navbar_scripting)
Bash Vocabulary List (Sorted by Popularity)
Bash Programming Language, Bash Shell, Bash Scripting, Bash Command Line, Bash Command, Bash Variable, Bash Environment Variable, Bash PATH Variable, Bash cd Command, Bash ls Command, Bash echo Command, Bash if Statement, Bash for Loop, Bash while Loop, Bash until Loop, Bash case Statement, Bash function Definition, Bash array Variable, Bash associative Array, Bash declare Command, Bash typeset Command, Bash local Variable, Bash global Variable, Bash positional Parameters, Bash $0 Variable, Bash $1 Variable, Variable, Bash $* Variable, Bash $@ Variable, Bash $, Bash $$ Variable, Bash $! Variable, Bash $- Variable, Bash IFS Variable, Bash PS1 Prompt, Bash PS2 Prompt, Bash PS4 Prompt, Bash HOME Variable, Bash USER Variable, Bash HOSTNAME Variable, Bash OSTYPE Variable, Bash SHELL Variable, Bash TERM Variable, Bash exit Command, Bash return Command, Bash break Command, Bash continue Command, Bash read Command, Bash printf Command, Bash test Command, Bash [ Command, Bash [[ Command], Bash builtin Command, Bash type Command, Bash command Command, Bash hash Command, Bash alias Command, Bash unalias Command, Bash set Command, Bash shopt Command, Bash export Command, Bash unset Command, Bash readonly Command, Bash trap Command, Bash wait Command, Bash kill Command, Bash jobs Command, Bash fg Command, Bash bg Command, Bash disown Command, Bash exec Command, Bash time Command, Bash times Builtin, Bash source Command, Bash . Command (Dot Command), Bash eval Command, Bash complete Command, Bash compgen Command, Bash compopt Command, Bash history Command, Bash fc Command, Bash pushd Command, Bash popd Command, Bash dirs Command, Bash pwd Command, Bash oldpwd Variable, Bash command Substitution, Bash $( ) Syntax, Bash Backticks `...`, Bash Variable Substitution, Bash Parameter Expansion, Bash ${var} Syntax, -default}, =default}, Bash ${var, +replacement}, var}, Bash ${var%pattern}, Bash ${var%%pattern}, pattern}, #pattern}, length}, Bash Arithmetic Expansion, Bash $(( expression )) Syntax, Bash (( ... )) Arithmetic, Bash Globbing, Bash Filename Expansion, Bash Wildcard *, Bash Wildcard , Bash Character Class [...], Bash Brace Expansion, Bash {1..10} Expansion, Bash {a,b,c} Expansion, Bash Tilde Expansion, Bash ~ User Home Expansion, Bash ~+ Expansion ($PWD), Bash ~- Expansion ($OLDPWD), Bash aliasing Commands, Bash .bashrc File, Bash .bash_profile File, Bash .profile File, Bash .bash_login File, Bash .bash_history File, Bash /etc/bashrc File, Bash /etc/profile File, Bash elif Keyword, Bash else Keyword, Bash fi Keyword, Bash Arithmetic Conditions (( )), Bash String Comparisons, Bash Integer Comparisons (-eq, -ne, -gt, -lt), Bash File Conditions (-f, -d, -e, -r, -w, -x), | !, Bash Pipeline Operator, Bash pipefail Option, Bash Redirection >, Bash Redirection >>, Bash Redirection <, Bash Redirection << (Here-Doc), Bash Redirection <<< (Here-String), Bash Redirection &>, Bash Redirection 2>, Bash Redirection &>>, Bash Redirection 2>>, Bash Redirection >, Bash noclobber Option, Bash Built-in Commands, Bash test Builtin, Bash Arithmetic Command (( )), Bash compgen Builtin, Bash environment Files, Bash read -p Prompt, Bash read -r Raw Input, Bash mapfile Command, Bash mapfile -t Option, Bash shopt -s histappend, Bash shopt -s cdspell, Bash shopt -s checkwinsize, Bash shopt -s cmdhist, Bash shopt -s dotglob, Bash shopt -s extglob, Bash shopt -s extdebug, Bash shopt -s globstar, Bash shopt -s histreedit, Bash shopt -s histverify, Bash shopt -s hostcomplete, Bash shopt -s interactive_comments, Bash shopt -s login_shell, Bash shopt -s mailwarn, Bash shopt -s nocaseglob, Bash shopt -s nocasematch, Bash shopt -s nullglob, Bash shopt -s progcomp, Bash shopt -s promptvars, Bash shopt -s sourcepath, Bash shopt -s xpg_echo, Bash BASH_VERSION Variable, Bash BASH_VERSINFO Array, Bash BASHOPTS Variable, Bash BASH_ALIASES Array, Bash BASH_ARGC Array, Bash BASH_ARGV Array, Bash BASH_CMDS Array, Bash BASH_LINENO Array, Bash BASH_SOURCE Array, Bash BASH_SUBSHELL Variable, Bash BASH_XTRACEFD Variable, Bash BASH_REMATCH Array, Bash COMP_CWORD Variable, Bash COMP_LINE Variable, Bash COMP_POINT Variable, Bash COMP_WORDS Array, Bash COMP_KEY Variable, Bash COMP_TYPE Variable, Bash COMP_REPLY Array, Bash COLUMNS Variable, Bash EUID Variable, Bash GROUPS Array, Bash HISTCMD Variable, Bash HOSTTYPE Variable, Bash LINENO Variable, Bash MACHTYPE Variable, Bash OPTARG Variable, Bash OPTIND Variable, Bash PPID Variable, Bash PWD Variable, Bash RANDOM Variable, Bash SECONDS Variable, Bash SHELLOPTS Variable, Bash SHLVL Variable, Bash UID Variable, Bash set -e Option, Bash set -u Option, Bash set -x Option, Bash set -o pipefail, Bash set -o nounset, Bash set -o errexit, Bash set -o xtrace, Bash set -o noglob, Bash set -o ignoreeof, Bash set -o vi, Bash set -o emacs, Bash PROMPT_COMMAND Variable, Bash PROMPT_DIRTRIM Variable, Bash completion (Tab Completion), Bash arithmetic $(( )) again for clarity, Bash (( ... )) Double Paren, Bash coproc Command, Bash co-processes, Bash read -s Silent Input, Bash read -n N Characters, Bash exec Redirection, Bash exec >file, Bash exec <file, Bash exec 3>file, Bash exec 3<file, Bash exec 3<>file, Bash test -f Check, Bash test -d Check, Bash test -r Check, Bash test -w Check, Bash test -x Check, Bash test -s Check, Bash test -z Empty String Check, Bash test -n Non-empty String, Bash test -eq Integer Equal, Bash test -ne Integer Not Equal, Bash test -gt Greater Than, Bash test -lt Less Than, Bash test -ge Greater Equal, Bash test -le Less Equal, Bash declare -i Integer Variable, Bash declare -r Read-only, Bash declare -x Export Variable, Bash printf Formatting, Bash shift Command, (Colon) No-Op, Bash true Command Builtin, Bash false Command Builtin, Bash export -f Function Export, Bash read -a Read into Array, Bash read -d Delimiter, Bash read -t Timeout, Bash compgen -A function, Bash compgen -A alias, Bash compgen -A builtin, Bash compgen -A command, Bash compgen -A file, Bash ulimit Command, Bash dirs stack Command, Bash fc -s Redo Command, Bash globstar ** Pattern, Bash extglob @(), !(), *(), +(), , Bash suspend Command, Bash jobs -l Option, Bash jobs -p Option, Bash kill -l List Signals, Bash kill -s Send Signal By Name, Bash disown -r Option, Bash fc -e Editor Mode, Bash readarray Command, Bash cd -P Option, Bash cd -L Option, Bash set +o Disable Option, Bash BASH_ENV Variable, Bash shopt -s cdable_vars, Bash shopt -s autocd, Bash shopt -s dirspell, Bash globstar ** repeated concept for emphasis, Bash SIGINT Trap, Bash SIGTERM Trap, Bash cd oldpwd with cd - used conceptually, Bash read -s for password input, Bash read -n for limited chars, Bash exec 3>&1 duplicate fd, Bash exec 2>&1 redirect stderr to stdout, Bash command substitution in $( ) repeated concept, Bash arrays indexing ${array[0]}, array[@]}, Bash associative arrays declare -A, Bash indexing associative arrays ${assoc[key]}, Bash advanced completion with complete command, Bash bind Keybindings, Bash bind -P Show Keybindings, Bash bind -S Show Settable Options, Bash bind -X Show Keyseq Functions, Bash line editing vi mode repeated concept, Bash line editing emacs mode repeated concept, Bash fc -l List history range, Bash fc -r Reverse order history listing, Bash dirs +N Switch Stacks, Bash dirs -N Switch Stacks, Bash dirs -p Print One per Line, Bash dirs -l Long Listing, Bash kill -9 Hard Kill, Bash kill -INT Interrupt, Bash kill -TERM Terminate
Bash: bashrc, Bash Fundamentals, Bash Inventor - Bash Language Designer: Brian Fox on June 8, 1989 at urging of Richard Stallman of Free Software Foundation (FSF); Chet Ramey is now the maintainer. Bash Scripting, Bash DevOps - Bash SRE, Cloud Native Bash (Bash on Kubernetes - Bash on AWS - Bash on Azure - Bash on GCP), Bash Microservices, Bash Containerization (Bash Docker - Bash on Docker Hub), Serverless Bash, Bash Data Science - Bash DataOps - Bash and Databases (Bash ORM), Bash ML - Bash DL, Functional Bash (1. Bash Immutability, 2. Bash Purity - Bash No Side-Effects, 3. Bash First-Class Functions - Bash Higher-Order Functions, Bash Lambdas - Bash Anonymous Functions - Bash Closures, Bash Lazy Evaluation, 4. Bash Recursion), Reactive Bash), Bash Concurrency - Bash Parallel Programming - Async Bash, Bash Networking, Bash Security - Bash DevSecOps - Bash OAuth, Bash Memory Allocation (Bash Heap - Bash Stack - Bash Garbage Collection), Bash CI/CD - Bash Dependency Management - Bash DI - Bash IoC - Bash Build Pipeline, Bash Automation - Bash Scripting, Bash Package Managers, Bash Modules - Bash Packages, Bash Installation (Bash Windows - Chocolatey Bash, Bash macOS - Homebrew Bash, Bash on Linux), Bash Configuration, Bash Observability (Bash Monitoring, Bash Performance - Bash Logging), Bash Language Spec - Bash RFCs - Bash Roadmap, Bash Keywords, Bash Operators, Bash Functions, Bash Data Structures - Bash Algorithms, Bash Syntax, Bash OOP (1. Bash Encapsulation - 2. Bash Inheritance - 3. Bash Polymorphism - 4. Bash Abstraction), Bash Design Patterns - Bash Best Practices - Bash Style Guide - Clean Bash - Bash BDD, Bash Generics, Bash I/O, Bash Serialization - Bash Deserialization, Bash APIs, Bash REST - Bash JSON - Bash GraphQL, Bash gRPC, Bash Virtualization, Bash Development Tools: Bash SDK, Bash Compiler - Bash Transpiler, Bash Interpreter - Bash REPL, Bash IDEs (JetBrains Bash, Bash Visual Studio Code), Bash Linter, Bash Community - Bashaceans - Bash User, Bash Standard Library - Bash Libraries - Bash Frameworks, Bash Testing - Bash TDD, Bash History, Bash Research, Bash Topics, Bash Uses - List of Bash Software - Written in Bash - Bash Popularity, Bash Bibliography - Bash Courses, Bash Glossary - Bash Official Glossary, Bash GitHub, Awesome Bash. (navbar_bash)
Cloud Monk is Retired ( for now). Buddha with you. © 2025 and Beginningless Time - Present Moment - Three Times: The Buddhas or Fair Use. Disclaimers
SYI LU SENG E MU CHYWE YE. NAN. WEI LA YE. WEI LA YE. SA WA HE.
Research It More
- ls on DuckDuckGo
- ls on Google.com
- ls on askubuntu.com
- ls on debian.org
- ls on snapcraft.io
- ls on shellhacks.com
- ls on linuxhint.com
- ls on javatpoint.com
- ls on w3schools.com
- ls on Kubernetes.io
- ls on Red Hat Docs
- ls on Oracle Docs
- ls on Stackoverflow
- ls on Hacker Noon
Fair Use Sources
- Linux for Archive Access for Fair Use Preservation, quoting, paraphrasing, excerpting and/or commenting upon
Linux, kernel, systemd, init, GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader), initramfs, ext4 (Fourth Extended Filesystem), XFS, Btrfs (B-Tree File System), zram, zswap, cgroups (Control Groups), namespaces, selinux (Security-Enhanced Linux), AppArmor, iptables, nftables, firewalld, auditd, journald, syslog, logrotate, dmesg, udev, eBPF (Extended Berkeley Packet Filter), KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine), QEMU (Quick Emulator), VirtIO, LXC (Linux Containers), Docker, Podman, CRI-O, Kubernetes Integration, etcd, Linux Control Groups, LXD (Linux Daemon), Snap, Flatpak, AppImage, RPM (Red Hat Package Manager), dpkg (Debian Package Manager), APT (Advanced Package Tool), YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified), DNF (Dandified YUM), Pacman, Zypper, Portage, emerge, Nix, pkg-config, ldconfig, make, cmake, autoconf, automake, configure, GCC (GNU Compiler Collection), Clang, glibc (GNU C Library), musl, libstdc++, libc, binutils, GNU Coreutils, Bash (Bourne Again Shell), Zsh (Z Shell), Fish Shell, dash, sh, SSH (Secure Shell), sshd (SSH Daemon), scp (Secure Copy), rsync, SCP (Secure Copy Protocol), wget, curl, ftp, sftp, TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), NFS (Network File System), CIFS (Common Internet File System), Samba, autofs, mount, umount, lsblk, blkid, parted, fdisk, gdisk, mkfs, fsck, tune2fs, xfs_repair, btrfs-progs, mdadm (Multiple Device Admin), RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks), LVM (Logical Volume Manager), thin provisioning, lvcreate, lvremove, vgcreate, vgremove, pvcreate, pvremove, multipath-tools, ISCSI (Internet Small Computer Systems Interface), nvme-cli, dm-crypt, cryptsetup, LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup), dracut, GRUB Customizer, PXE (Preboot Execution Environment), tftpboot, Syslinux, LiveCD, LiveUSB, mkbootdisk, dd, cpio, tar, gzip, bzip2, xz, 7zip, zstd, rsyslog, sysctl, lsmod, modprobe, depmod, modinfo, insmod, rmmod, kmod, dkms (Dynamic Kernel Module Support), kernel tuning, kernel headers, kernel modules, patch, diff, strace, ltrace, ptrace, perf, htop, top, iotop, atop, vmstat, mpstat, sar, dstat, iostat, uptime, free, df, du, ps, pidstat, nice, renice, kill, pkill, killall, jobs, bg, fg, wait, nohup, screen, tmux, cron, crontab, at, anacron, systemctl, service, chkconfig, rc-update, update-rc.d, ntpd (Network Time Protocol Daemon), chronyd, hwclock, timedatectl, ntpdate, ufw (Uncomplicated Firewall), iptables-save, iptables-restore, fail2ban, denyhosts, tcp_wrappers, libcap, setcap, getcap, auditctl, ausearch, kernel parameters, boot parameters, sysfs, procfs, debugfs, tmpfs, ramfs, overlayfs, aufs, bind mounts, chroot, pivot_root, overlay2, network namespaces, bridge-utils, iproute2, ip, ifconfig, route, netstat, ss, arp, ping, traceroute, mtr, tcpdump, ngrep, nmap, arp-scan, ethtool, iwconfig, iw, wpa_supplicant, hostapd, dnsmasq, networkmanager, nmcli, nmtui, system-config-network, dhclient, dhcpd, isc-dhcp-server, bind9, named, unbound, nslookup, dig, resolvconf, iptables, nftables, firewalld, conntrack, ipset, snort, suricata, tcp_wrappers, rkhunter, chkrootkit, clamav, lynis, openvpn, strongswan, libreswan, openconnect, network namespaces, virtual ethernet, veth, tap interfaces, tun interfaces, vlan, bridge, brctl, ovs-vsctl, openvswitch, macvlan, ipvlan, bonding, teamd, network teaming, multipath, multipath-tools, route tables, ip rule, ip route, policy routing, qos, tc (Traffic Control), htb, fq_codel, cake, iptables NAT, iptables MASQUERADE, squid, socks5, privoxy, tor, iptables DNAT, iptables SNAT, iptables REDIRECT, conntrack, stateful firewall, stateless firewall, tcp_window_scaling, tcp_timestamps, tcp_sack, tcp_rmem, tcp_wmem, tcp_no_metrics_save, tcp_ecn, netem, ip6tables, ipset, ebtables, arptables, bridge-nf, br_netfilter, openvswitch, gre tunnels, ipip tunnels, vxlan, gretap, macsec, macvlan, ipvlan, wireguard, strongswan, libreswan, xfrm, ipsec, isakmpd, racoon, openswan, ikev2, ikev1, vpn tunnels, gre tunnels, vxlan tunnels, fou tunnels, ipip tunnels.
Linux Core Utilities commands - GNU Core Utilities command-line interface programs
This list should really only include standard universal commands that come with GNU Core Utilities.
- tac
This should really only include standard universal commands that come with all Linux distributions adhering to the Single UNIX Specification.
Really this is “Unix programs”, since there are no commands in Unix, they are programs except for shell builtins.
Unix command-line interface programs and shell builtins:
Unix user environment commands:
[[env]]
Unix text processing commands:
[[alias (command) ]] | [[ alias]]
Note: Networking is not part of SUS
Unix network utility commands:
Unix software development commands: Note: There are a huge number of Linux software development tools / Unix software development tools; this list should be restricted to ones that are standardized as part of Unix, i.e., those marked SD, CD], or FD (http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/help/codes.html) within the Unix/POSIX specifications
See also
References
Linux Commands (ls, cd, pwd, cp, mv, rm, mkdir, rmdir, touch, cat, less, head, tail, grep, find, chmod, chown, chgrp, tar, gzip, gunzip, df, du, ps, top, kill, man, ssh, scp, rsync, vim, nano, sed, awk, ping, ifconfig, netstat, route, traceroute, dig), Linux Fundamentals, Linux Inventor: Linus Torvalds says “Linux sucks | Linux just sucks less.”, Linux Best Practices - Linux Anti-Patterns, Linux kernel, Linux commands-Linux Shells-Linux CLI-GNU-Linux GUI-X11, Linux DevOps-Linux development-Linux system programming-Bash-zsh-Linux API, Linux package managers, Linux configuration management (Ansible on Linux, Chef on Linux, Puppet on Linux, PowerShell on Linux), Linux Distros (RHEL-Rocky Linux-CentOS (CentOS Stream)-Oracle Linux-Fedora, Ubuntu-Debian-Linux Mint-Raspberry Pi OS-Kali Linux-Tails, openSUSE - SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES), Arch Linux-Manjaro Linux, Alpine Linux-BusyBox - Slackware - Android-Chrome OS); UNIX-UNIX Distros (FreeBSD-OpenBSD, BSD, macOS), Linux networking, Linux storage, Linux secrets, Linux security (Linux IAM-LDAP-Linux Firewall-Linux Proxy), Linux docs, Linux GitHub, Linux Containers, Linux VM, Linux on AWS, Linux on Azure, Linux on GCP, Linux on Windows (WSL), Linux on IBM, Linux on Mainframe (Linux on IBM Z mainframe - Linux for System z - IBM LinuxONE), Embedded Linux, Linus IoT-Linux on Raspberry Pi, LinuxOps-Linux sysadmin, systemd-userland-kernel space-POSIX-SUS-Linux filesystem-Linux architecture, Linux books-UNIX books, Linux courses, Linux Foundation, Linux history, Linux philosophy, Linux adoption, Linux Glossary - Glossaire de Linux - French, Linux topics (navbar_linux and navbar_unix - see also navbar_fedora, navbar_rhel, navbar_centos, navbar_debian, navbar_ubuntu, navbar_linux_mint, navbar_freebsd, navbar_opensuse, navbar_manjaro, navbar_kali_linux, navbar_nixos, navbar_alpine_linux, navbar_tails_linux, navbar_slackware, navbar_rocky_linux, navbar_arch_linux, navbar_oracle_linux)