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• History of TypeScript

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TypeScript is a programming language developed and maintained by Microsoft. It is a strict syntactical superset of JavaScript, adding optional static typing to the language. TypeScript is designed for the development of large applications and compiles to JavaScript. As such, it can be used to develop JavaScript applications for both client-side JavaScript and server-side execution (as with Node.js or Deno). Here is a detailed history of TypeScript, including its inception, major releases, and key features introduced over time.

TypeScript was first made public in October 2012, by Microsoft, aiming to address the challenges of developing large-scale applications with JavaScript. Anders Hejlsberg, the lead architect of C Sharp | C and creator of Delphi and Turbo Pascal, has worked on the development of TypeScript. The language extends JavaScript by adding static types, classes, interfaces, and modules.

The initial release of TypeScript introduced the core language features, including static typing, interfaces, and classes. This release marked the beginning of TypeScript's journey to enhance JavaScript with features that facilitate large-scale application development.

In April 2014, TypeScript 1.0 was released, solidifying its position as a major tool for JavaScript developers. This version was the first stable release and was included in Visual Studio 2013 Update 2, offering developers an integrated development environment (IDE) experience.

TypeScript 1.5 brought significant enhancements, including support for ES6 modules, namespace keyword, decorators, and for..of support. This version aligned TypeScript more closely with the latest ECMAScript standards, improving its compatibility and utility.

TypeScript 1.6 added support for new types such as union types, type guards, and more. It also introduced JSX support, making TypeScript a great choice for developers working with React.

The release of TypeScript 1.7 included support for async/await for ES6 targets, enhancing asynchronous programming capabilities in TypeScript applications.

TypeScript 2.0 introduced several key features, such as non-nullable types, control flow analysis, and read-only properties. This version emphasized type safety and introduced the concept of strict null checks to prevent common errors related to null and undefined values.

TypeScript 2.1 added support for downlevel async/await to ES3 and ES5, making asynchronous programming more accessible across different JavaScript environments. It also introduced keyof and lookup types, enhancing the language's expressiveness.

TypeScript 2.2 introduced the object type, providing a way to describe non-primitive types. This version also improved the support for mixins and other advanced object-oriented programming patterns.

TypeScript 2.3 added support for generic default types, enhancing the flexibility and reusability of generic types. This release also introduced the –strict flag, which enabled strict type-checking options by default, promoting better coding practices.

TypeScript 2.4 included support for dynamic import() expressions, enabling code-splitting and lazy-loading of modules. This version also improved string literal types, making them more powerful for modeling precise string values.

TypeScript 2.5 introduced the optional catch binding, allowing developers to omit the catch clause variable when it's not used. This version also added the –watch flag improvements, enhancing the development experience with more efficient incremental builds.

TypeScript 2.6 added stricter checking for function types, addressing common pitfalls in function type declarations. This version also introduced the –strictFunctionTypes flag, further improving type safety in function types.

TypeScript 2.7 brought the definite assignment assertions feature, allowing developers to assert that class properties will be definitely assigned in the constructor. This version also improved type inference for object literals, making the type system more intuitive.

TypeScript 2.8 introduced conditional types, a powerful feature that enables types to be chosen based on conditions. This version also added support for JSX fragment syntax, improving the development experience with JSX.

TypeScript 2.9 added support for importing types using the import() syntax, making it easier to dynamically load types. This version also introduced the keyof typeof operator, enhancing the ability to work with property names as types.

TypeScript 3.0 introduced project references, allowing projects to depend on each other in a structured way. This version also added the unknown type, providing a type-safe counterpart to the any type that encourages type checking.

TypeScript 3.1 improved mappings between loaded projects with project references, enhancing the developer experience in multi-project setups. It also introduced mappable tuple and array types, extending the language's type manipulation capabilities.

TypeScript 3.2 introduced stricter type-checking for bind, call, and apply methods, making the use of these methods safer and more predictable. This version also added support for BigInt literals, aligning TypeScript with the latest JavaScript features.

TypeScript 3.3 improved the behavior of unions and intersections with index signatures, enhancing the language's type system. This version also made incremental builds faster, benefiting projects that use the –incremental flag.

TypeScript 3.4 introduced the const assertions feature, allowing developers to declare that object and array literals are immutable. This version also added the –incremental flag by default for faster subsequent builds, improving build performance for large projects.

TypeScript 3.5 improved type-checking performance, addressing issues related to the complexity of some types. This version also enhanced the type system with Omit helper type, making it easier to exclude properties from types.

TypeScript 3.6 added more accurate array spread, improving the handling of tuple types in spreads. This version also introduced stricter generators, aligning the behavior of generator functions with the ECMAScript standard.

TypeScript 3.7 introduced optional chaining and nullish coalescing, two highly anticipated features that improve the way developers can write expressions dealing with null and undefined values. This version also added assertion functions, enhancing the language's capabilities for runtime checks.

TypeScript 3.8 introduced type-only imports and exports, allowing developers to clearly distinguish between types and regular imports/exports. This version also added ECM

AScript private fields, aligning TypeScript more closely with JavaScript's evolving features.

TypeScript 3.9 improved inference and promise.all, enhancing the language's ability to work with asynchronous operations. This version also focused on performance improvements, particularly in the compiler and editor integrations.

TypeScript 4.0 introduced variadic tuple types, allowing developers to express types for functions that can take any number of arguments in a more precise way. This version also added labeled tuple elements, improving the readability and usability of tuples in TypeScript.

TypeScript 4.1 added the template literal types feature, enabling the creation of types that can be manipulated with template literals. This version also introduced key remapping in mapped types, allowing for more flexible transformations of object types.

TypeScript 4.2 introduced improvements to tuple types, including leading/middle rest elements in tuple types. This version also enhanced the type system with smarter type alias preservation, improving the readability of error messages and inferred types.

TypeScript 4.3 added the override keyword, providing a more explicit way for class methods to indicate they are overriding a method from a base class. This version also introduced improvements to template string types, expanding their capabilities.

TypeScript 4.4 introduced control flow analysis for destructured variables, enhancing the precision of type checking for destructuring assignments. This version also added the –useUnknownInCatchVariables flag, improving the handling of catch clause variables.

TypeScript 4.5 added support for ECMAScript modules in Node.js, aligning TypeScript more closely with Node.js module system developments. This version also introduced the Awaited type, making it easier to work with types of resolved promises.

TypeScript 4.6 continued to refine the language, adding improvements to control flow analysis and narrowing, as well as enhancements to the inlay hints feature in editors. This version also addressed several usability and performance issues.

TypeScript 4.7 introduced support for ES module interop in Node.js, further enhancing TypeScript's compatibility with modern JavaScript development practices. This version also added improvements to the type system, including more precise control flow analysis.

TypeScript 4.8 focused on improving language and compiler performance, addressing scalability challenges in large codebases. This version also included enhancements to error reporting, making it easier for developers to diagnose and fix issues in their code.

TypeScript 4.9 introduced improvements to the type checker and editor support, enhancing the development experience. This version also added new features to the language, including updates to tuple types and template literal types.

Throughout its development, TypeScript has continuously evolved, adding features that enhance its functionality, improve its performance, and ensure its compatibility with the latest JavaScript standards. By providing a powerful type system and tools for large-scale application development, TypeScript has become a key language in modern web development.

• https://www.typescriptlang.org Main Website
• https://github.com/microsoft TypeScript GitHub Repository

This history provides a comprehensive overview of TypeScript's evolution, highlighting its major milestones and the introduction of significant features with each version. TypeScript's official website and GitHub repository are valuable resources for further exploration and insights into the language's ongoing development.

Snippet from Wikipedia: TypeScript

TypeScript (abbreviated as TS) is a free and open-source high-level programming language developed by Microsoft that adds static typing with optional type annotations to JavaScript. It is designed for the development of large applications and transpiles to JavaScript.

TypeScript may be used to develop JavaScript applications for both client-side and server-side execution (as with Node.js, Deno or Bun). Multiple options are available for transpilation. The default TypeScript Compiler can be used, or the Babel compiler can be invoked to convert TypeScript to JavaScript.

TypeScript supports definition files that can contain type information of existing JavaScript libraries, much like C++ header files can describe the structure of existing object files. This enables other programs to use the values defined in the files as if they were statically typed TypeScript entities. There are third-party header files for popular libraries such as jQuery, MongoDB, and D3.js. TypeScript headers for the Node.js library modules are also available, allowing development of Node.js programs within TypeScript.

The TypeScript compiler is itself written in TypeScript and compiled to JavaScript. It is licensed under the Apache License 2.0. Anders Hejlsberg, lead architect of C# and creator of Delphi and Turbo Pascal, has worked on the development of TypeScript.

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Snippet from Wikipedia: JavaScript

JavaScript ( ), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language and core technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. Ninety-nine percent of websites use JavaScript on the client side for webpage behavior.

Web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine that executes the client code. These engines are also utilized in some servers and a variety of apps. The most popular runtime system for non-browser usage is Node.js.

JavaScript is a high-level, often just-in-time compiled language that conforms to the ECMAScript standard. It has dynamic typing, prototype-based object-orientation, and first-class functions. It is multi-paradigm, supporting event-driven, functional, and imperative programming styles. It has application programming interfaces (APIs) for working with text, dates, regular expressions, standard data structures, and the Document Object Model (DOM).

The ECMAScript standard does not include any input/output (I/O), such as networking, storage, or graphics facilities. In practice, the web browser or other runtime system provides JavaScript APIs for I/O.

Although Java and JavaScript are similar in name and syntax, the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design.

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GPT o1 Pro mode:

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TypeScript updateSourceFileNode, TypeScript updateNode, TypeScript Printer API, TypeScript createPrinter, TypeScript PrintHandlers, TypeScript PrintFile, TypeScript Type Format Flags, TypeScript Symbol Display Builder, TypeScript TypeToString, TypeScript SymbolToString, TypeScript Diagnostic Message, TypeScript Diagnostic Category, TypeScript Diagnostic Code, TypeScript DiagnosticRelatedInformation, TypeScript DiagnosticReporter, TypeScript EmitResult, TypeScript PreEmitDiagnostics, TypeScript SyntacticDiagnostics, TypeScript SemanticDiagnostics, TypeScript DeclarationDiagnostics, TypeScript getParsedCommandLineOfConfigFile, TypeScript parseJsonConfigFileContent, TypeScript convertCompilerOptionsFromJson, TypeScript resolveProjectReferencePath, TypeScript getAllProjectReferences, TypeScript LanguageServer Protocol Integration, TypeScript tsserver, TypeScript tsserverlibrary, TypeScript tsserver API, TypeScript tsserverplugin, TypeScript Editor Integration, TypeScript Sublime Text 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symbol literal types, TypeScript unique symbol types, TypeScript indexed access constraints, TypeScript type compatibility rules, TypeScript subtype and assignability, TypeScript assignability checks, TypeScript structural typing rules, TypeScript type alias circular references, TypeScript limit on instantiation depth, TypeScript error message hints, TypeScript suggestion diagnostics, TypeScript code actions, TypeScript refactorings, TypeScript organize imports, TypeScript rename symbol, TypeScript code fix all, TypeScript diagnostic tags, TypeScript unreachable code is error, TypeScript deprecated API warnings, TypeScript quick fixes for missed imports, TypeScript auto import suggestions, TypeScript auto fix on save, TypeScript incremental build watch, TypeScript composite project references, TypeScript solution style tsconfig, TypeScript project graph, TypeScript project dependency, TypeScript build order, TypeScript outDir redirect, TypeScript preserve watch output order, TypeScript 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GPT 4o:

TypeScript: TypeScript Glossary, TypeScript Best Practices, Web Development Best Practices, JavaScript Best Practices, TypeScript Fundamentals, TypeScript Inventor - TypeScript Language Designer: Anders Hejlsberg of Microsoft on October 1, 2012; TypeScript Keywords, TypeScript Built-In Data Types, TypeScript Data Structures - TypeScript Algorithms, TypeScript Syntax, TypeScript on Linux, TypeScript on macOS, TypeScript on Windows, TypeScript on Android, TypeScript on iOS, TypeScript Installation, TypeScript Containerization (TypeScript with Docker, TypeScript with Podman, TypeScript and Kubernetes), TypeScript OOP - TypeScript Design Patterns, Clean TypeScript - TypeScript Style Guide, TypeScript Best Practices - TypeScript BDD, Web Browser, Web Development, HTML-CSS, TypeScript Frameworks (Angular), JavaScript Libraries (React.js with TypeScript, Vue.js with TypeScript, jQuery with TypeScript), TypeScript on the Server (TypeScript with Node.js, TypeScript with Deno, TypeScript with Express.js), TypeScript Compiler (tsc, tsconfig.json), TypeScript Transpiler (Transpile TypeScript into JavaScript), Babel and TypeScript, TypeScript Package Management, NPM and TypeScript, NVM and TypeScript, Yarn Package Manager and TypeScript, TypeScript IDEs (Visual Studio Code, Visual Studio, JetBrains WebStorm), TypeScript Development Tools, TypeScript Linter, TypeScript Debugging (Chrome DevTools, JavaScript Source Maps), TypeScript Testing (TypeScript TDD, Selenium, Jest, Mocha.js, Jasmine, Tape Testing (tap-producing test harness for Node.js and browsers), Supertest, React Testing Library, Enzyme.js React Testing, Angular TestBed), TypeScript DevOps - TypeScript SRE, TypeScript Data Science - TypeScript DataOps, TypeScript Machine Learning, TypeScript Deep Learning, Functional TypeScript, TypeScript Concurrency (WebAssembly - WASM) - TypeScript Async (TypeScript Await, TypeScript Promises, TypeScript Workers - Web Workers, Service Workers, Browser Main Thread), TypeScript Concurrency, TypeScript History, TypeScript Bibliography, Manning TypeScript Series, TypeScript Glossary - Glossaire de TypeScript - French, TypeScript T, TypeScript Courses, TypeScript Standard Library, TypeScript Libraries, TypeScript Frameworks (Angular), TypeScript Research, JavaScript, TypeScript GitHub, Written in TypeScript, TypeScript Popularity, TypeScript Awesome, TypeScript Versions. (navbar_typescript - see also navbar_javascript, navbar_typescript_networking, navbar_javascript_libraries, navbar_typescript_libraries, navbar_typescript_versions, navbar_typescript_standard_library, navbar_typescript_libraries, navbar_typescript_reserved_words, navbar_typescript_functional, navbar_typescript_concurrency, navbar_typescript_async, navbar_javascript_standard_library, navbar_react.js, navbar_angular, navbar_vue, navbar_javascript_standard_library, navbar_web_development)

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JavaScript createElement, JavaScript createTextNode, JavaScript appendChild, JavaScript removeChild, JavaScript replaceChild, JavaScript innerHTML, JavaScript textContent, JavaScript style Property, JavaScript getComputedStyle, JavaScript Local Storage, JavaScript Session Storage, JavaScript Cookie Handling, JavaScript setTimeout, JavaScript setInterval, JavaScript clearTimeout, JavaScript clearInterval, JavaScript requestAnimationFrame, JavaScript cancelAnimationFrame, JavaScript fetch(url), JavaScript fetch Options, JavaScript fetch Headers, JavaScript fetch Body, JavaScript Promise Chaining, JavaScript async Keyword, JavaScript await Keyword, JavaScript Generators, JavaScript yield Keyword, JavaScript Iterator Protocol, JavaScript Iterable Protocol, JavaScript Symbol.iterator, JavaScript for...of Loop, JavaScript for...in Loop, JavaScript Object Literal, JavaScript Shorthand Property, JavaScript Computed Property Name, JavaScript Arrow Function this Binding, JavaScript Default Parameters, JavaScript Rest Parameters, JavaScript Spread Syntax, JavaScript Destructuring Patterns, JavaScript Object Destructuring, JavaScript Array Destructuring, JavaScript Template Strings, JavaScript Tagged Templates, JavaScript Intl API, JavaScript Intl.NumberFormat, JavaScript Intl.DateTimeFormat, JavaScript Intl.Collator, JavaScript Intl.PluralRules, JavaScript Intl.RelativeTimeFormat, JavaScript Intl.ListFormat, JavaScript Intl.DisplayNames, JavaScript Intl.Locale, JavaScript Weak References, JavaScript WeakRef, JavaScript FinalizationRegistry, JavaScript Symbols, JavaScript Symbol.for, JavaScript Symbol.keyFor, JavaScript Proxy Object, JavaScript Reflect Object, JavaScript Reflect.apply, JavaScript Reflect.construct, JavaScript Reflect.defineProperty, JavaScript Reflect.deleteProperty, JavaScript Reflect.get, JavaScript Reflect.set, JavaScript Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor, JavaScript Reflect.getPrototypeOf, JavaScript Reflect.setPrototypeOf, JavaScript Reflect.has, JavaScript Reflect.ownKeys, JavaScript Proxy Handlers, JavaScript Proxy get Trap, JavaScript Proxy set Trap, JavaScript Proxy has Trap, JavaScript Proxy deleteProperty Trap, JavaScript Proxy defineProperty Trap, JavaScript Proxy getOwnPropertyDescriptor Trap, JavaScript Proxy getPrototypeOf Trap, JavaScript Proxy setPrototypeOf Trap, JavaScript Proxy ownKeys Trap, JavaScript Proxy apply Trap, JavaScript Proxy construct Trap, JavaScript Strict Mode Errors, JavaScript Eval Function, JavaScript Function.prototype.call, JavaScript Function.prototype.apply, JavaScript Function.prototype.bind, JavaScript Object.prototype.toString, JavaScript Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty, JavaScript Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf, JavaScript Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable, JavaScript ArrayBuffer, JavaScript TypedArray, JavaScript Uint8Array, JavaScript Uint16Array, JavaScript Uint32Array, JavaScript Int8Array, JavaScript Int16Array, JavaScript Int32Array, JavaScript Float32Array, JavaScript Float64Array, JavaScript BigUint64Array, JavaScript BigInt64Array, JavaScript DataView, JavaScript Blob, JavaScript File API, JavaScript FileReader, JavaScript URL API, JavaScript URLSearchParams, JavaScript FormData, JavaScript WebSocket, JavaScript EventSource, JavaScript BroadcastChannel, JavaScript Worker, JavaScript Service Worker, JavaScript IndexedDB, JavaScript WebGL, JavaScript Canvas API, JavaScript OffscreenCanvas, JavaScript AudioContext, JavaScript VideoContext (Hypothetical), JavaScript Web Audio API, JavaScript MediaDevices, JavaScript MediaStream, JavaScript MediaRecorder, JavaScript WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication), JavaScript RTCPeerConnection, JavaScript RTCDataChannel, JavaScript RTCSessionDescription, JavaScript RTCIceCandidate, JavaScript History API, JavaScript Push API, JavaScript Notification API, JavaScript Geolocation API, JavaScript Web Storage API, JavaScript Web Animations API, JavaScript ResizeObserver, JavaScript IntersectionObserver, JavaScript MutationObserver, JavaScript Performance API, JavaScript Performance.now, JavaScript Page Visibility API, JavaScript Fullscreen API, JavaScript Screen Orientation API, JavaScript Clipboard API, JavaScript RequestIdleCallback, JavaScript Payment Request API, JavaScript Credential Management API, JavaScript Web Speech API, JavaScript SpeechRecognition, JavaScript SpeechSynthesis, JavaScript Picture-in-Picture API, JavaScript Pointer Events, JavaScript PointerEvent, JavaScript Touch Events, JavaScript Drag and Drop API, JavaScript History.pushState, JavaScript History.replaceState, JavaScript Custom Elements, JavaScript Shadow DOM, JavaScript HTML Templates, JavaScript HTML Imports (Deprecated), JavaScript ES Modules, JavaScript CommonJS Modules, JavaScript AMD (Asynchronous Module Definition), JavaScript UMD (Universal Module Definition), JavaScript Node.js Runtime, JavaScript NPM (Node Package Manager), JavaScript Yarn Package Manager, JavaScript pnpm Package Manager, JavaScript Webpack Bundler, JavaScript Parcel Bundler, JavaScript Rollup Bundler, JavaScript Babel Transpiler, JavaScript ESLint Linter, JavaScript Prettier Formatter, JavaScript Jest Testing, JavaScript Mocha Testing, JavaScript Chai Assertion, JavaScript Jasmine Testing, JavaScript QUnit Testing, JavaScript Karma Test Runner, JavaScript WebDriver, JavaScript Protractor (Deprecated), JavaScript Cypress Testing, JavaScript Puppeteer, JavaScript Playwright, JavaScript Electron Framework, JavaScript NW.js Framework, JavaScript Gulp Task Runner, JavaScript Grunt Task Runner, JavaScript npm run Scripts, JavaScript Yarn Scripts, JavaScript ESLint Config, JavaScript Babel Preset, JavaScript Babel Plugin, JavaScript TypeScript (JavaScript Superset), JavaScript Flow Type Checker, JavaScript JSDoc Comments, JavaScript Closure Compiler, JavaScript Terser Minifier, JavaScript UglifyJS Minifier, JavaScript Web Components, JavaScript LitElement, JavaScript Polymer Library, JavaScript Angular Framework, JavaScript React Library, JavaScript Vue.js Framework, JavaScript Svelte Framework, JavaScript Preact Library, JavaScript Redux State Management, JavaScript MobX State Management, JavaScript RxJS (Reactive Extensions for JavaScript), JavaScript GraphQL Queries, JavaScript Relay Modern, JavaScript Apollo Client, JavaScript jQuery Library, JavaScript Lodash Utility, JavaScript Underscore Utility, JavaScript Moment.js Date Library, JavaScript Day.js Date Library, JavaScript Luxon Date Library, JavaScript D3.js Data Visualization, JavaScript Three.js 3D Graphics, JavaScript Phaser Game Framework, JavaScript PixiJS Rendering, JavaScript Anime.js Animation, JavaScript GSAP Animation, JavaScript Popper.js Tooltip, JavaScript Bootstrap Framework, JavaScript Material UI, JavaScript Tailwind CSS Integration, JavaScript Styled Components, JavaScript Emotion Styling, JavaScript WebAssembly Integration, JavaScript Babel Polyfill, JavaScript Core-js Polyfill, JavaScript fetch Polyfill, JavaScript Promise Polyfill, JavaScript IntersectionObserver Polyfill, JavaScript Polyfill.io Service, JavaScript regeneratorRuntime, JavaScript Zone.js, JavaScript Meteor Framework, JavaScript Next.js Framework, JavaScript Nuxt.js Framework, JavaScript Gatsby Framework, JavaScript Sapper Framework, JavaScript Ember.js Framework, JavaScript Backbone.js Framework, JavaScript Mithril.js Framework, JavaScript Alpine.js, JavaScript Stimulus.js, JavaScript Aurelia Framework, JavaScript Polymer Elements, JavaScript Angular CLI, JavaScript Create React App, JavaScript Vue CLI, JavaScript Nuxt CLI, JavaScript Gatsby CLI, JavaScript Next CLI, JavaScript Angular Ivy Compiler, JavaScript Angular Ahead-of-Time Compilation, JavaScript React Fiber, JavaScript React Hooks, JavaScript React Context API, JavaScript React Suspense, JavaScript React Concurrent Mode, JavaScript Vue Composition API, JavaScript Vuex State Management, JavaScript Quasar Framework, JavaScript Ionic Framework, JavaScript NativeScript, JavaScript React Native, JavaScript Electron IPC, JavaScript Node.js Process, JavaScript Node.js Buffer, JavaScript Node.js Stream, JavaScript Node.js EventEmitter, JavaScript Node.js fs Module, JavaScript Node.js http Module, JavaScript Node.js path Module, JavaScript Node.js os Module, JavaScript Node.js cluster, JavaScript Node.js crypto Module, JavaScript Node.js child_process Module, JavaScript Node.js readline Module, JavaScript Node.js repl Module, JavaScript Node.js vm Module, JavaScript Node.js global Object, JavaScript Node.js require Function, JavaScript Node.js exports Object, JavaScript Node.js __dirname, JavaScript Node.js __filename, JavaScript Type Assertion (TypeScript), JavaScript JIT Compilation, JavaScript Interpreter Execution, JavaScript Just-In-Time Optimization, JavaScript Inline Caches, JavaScript Hidden Classes, JavaScript Deoptimization, JavaScript V8 Engine, JavaScript SpiderMonkey Engine, JavaScript JavaScriptCore Engine, JavaScript Chakra Engine, JavaScript QuickJS Engine, JavaScript Bun Runtime, JavaScript Deno Runtime, JavaScript ESM (ECMAScript Modules), JavaScript CommonJS Require, JavaScript Tree Shaking, JavaScript Code Splitting, JavaScript Dynamic Import Expressions, JavaScript Lazy Loading, JavaScript Prefetching, JavaScript Preloading, JavaScript Service Worker Cache, JavaScript Progressive Web Apps (PWAs), JavaScript Manifest.json, JavaScript Web App Install Banner, JavaScript IndexedDB Transactions, JavaScript IDBKeyRange, JavaScript Streams API, JavaScript ReadableStream, JavaScript WritableStream, JavaScript TransformStream, JavaScript ByteLengthQueuingStrategy, JavaScript CountQueuingStrategy, JavaScript AbortController, JavaScript AbortSignal, JavaScript CanvasRenderingContext2D, JavaScript OffscreenCanvasRenderingContext2D, JavaScript WebGLRenderingContext, JavaScript WebGL2RenderingContext, JavaScript GPU Web API (WebGPU), JavaScript fetch Abort, JavaScript fetch Response, JavaScript fetch Request, JavaScript Headers Object, JavaScript FormData.append, JavaScript URLSearchParams.append, JavaScript location.reload, JavaScript location.replace, JavaScript location.assign, JavaScript location.href, JavaScript history.back, JavaScript history.forward, JavaScript history.go, JavaScript sessionStorage.setItem, JavaScript sessionStorage.getItem, JavaScript localStorage.setItem, JavaScript localStorage.getItem, JavaScript cookieStorage (Hypothetical), JavaScript Notification.requestPermission, JavaScript Notification Constructor, JavaScript PushSubscription, JavaScript PushManager, JavaScript Geolocation.getCurrentPosition, JavaScript Geolocation.watchPosition, JavaScript Performance.mark, JavaScript Performance.measure, JavaScript PerformanceEntry, JavaScript PerformanceObserver, JavaScript ResizeObserver.observe, JavaScript IntersectionObserver.observe, JavaScript MutationObserver.observe, JavaScript MutationRecord, JavaScript High Resolution Time API, JavaScript PaymentRequest, JavaScript PaymentResponse, JavaScript Credential Management, JavaScript Federated Credential, JavaScript Web Speech Recognition, JavaScript Web Speech Synthesis, JavaScript SpeechSynthesisUtterance, JavaScript SpeechSynthesisVoice, JavaScript PictureInPictureWindow, JavaScript RTCPeerConnection.createOffer, JavaScript RTCPeerConnection.createAnswer, JavaScript RTCPeerConnection.setLocalDescription, JavaScript RTCPeerConnection.setRemoteDescription, JavaScript RTCPeerConnection.addIceCandidate, JavaScript RTCIceCandidateInit, JavaScript RTCSessionDescriptionInit, JavaScript RTCDataChannel.send, JavaScript RTCDataChannel.onmessage, JavaScript RTCDataChannel.onopen, JavaScript RTCDataChannel.onclose, JavaScript RTCDataChannel.bufferedAmount, JavaScript MediaDevices.getUserMedia, JavaScript MediaDevices.getDisplayMedia, JavaScript MediaStream.getTracks, JavaScript MediaStream.addTrack, JavaScript MediaRecorder.start, JavaScript MediaRecorder.stop, JavaScript MediaRecorder.ondataavailable, JavaScript Event.preventDefault, JavaScript Event.stopPropagation, JavaScript Event.stopImmediatePropagation, JavaScript Element.classList.add, JavaScript Element.classList.remove, JavaScript Element.classList.toggle, JavaScript Element.classList.contains, JavaScript Element.getBoundingClientRect, JavaScript Element.scrollIntoView, JavaScript document.createEvent, JavaScript document.createAttribute, JavaScript document.createComment, JavaScript document.createDocumentFragment, JavaScript document.importNode, JavaScript document.adoptNode, JavaScript CSSOM Integration, JavaScript CSSStyleDeclaration, JavaScript style.setProperty, JavaScript style.getPropertyValue, JavaScript style.removeProperty, JavaScript matchMedia, JavaScript matchMedia.addListener, JavaScript matchMedia.removeListener, JavaScript CustomEvent.initCustomEvent, JavaScript DOMTokenList, JavaScript DOMParser, JavaScript XMLSerializer, JavaScript FormData.get, JavaScript FormData.set, JavaScript FormData.delete, JavaScript Intl.getCanonicalLocales, JavaScript Intl.NumberFormat.format, JavaScript Intl.DateTimeFormat.format, JavaScript Intl.Collator.compare, JavaScript Intl.PluralRules.select, JavaScript Intl.RelativeTimeFormat.format, JavaScript Intl.ListFormat.format, JavaScript Intl.DisplayNames.of, JavaScript Intl.Locale.maximize, JavaScript WeakRef.deref, JavaScript FinalizationRegistry.register, JavaScript WeakMap.get, JavaScript WeakMap.set, JavaScript WeakMap.delete, JavaScript WeakSet.add, JavaScript WeakSet.delete, JavaScript WeakSet.has, JavaScript Map.get, JavaScript Map.set, JavaScript Map.delete, JavaScript Map.has, JavaScript Set.add, JavaScript Set.delete, JavaScript Set.has, JavaScript DataView.getInt8, JavaScript DataView.getUint8, JavaScript DataView.setInt8, JavaScript DataView.setUint8, JavaScript Uint8Array.buffer, JavaScript Uint8Array.byteLength, JavaScript Int32Array.subarray, JavaScript Float64Array.fill, JavaScript BigInt64Array.set, JavaScript ArrayBuffer.slice, JavaScript CanvasGradient.addColorStop, JavaScript CanvasPattern.setTransform, JavaScript CanvasRenderingContext2D.fillRect, JavaScript CanvasRenderingContext2D.strokeRect, JavaScript CanvasRenderingContext2D.beginPath, JavaScript CanvasRenderingContext2D.arc, JavaScript CanvasRenderingContext2D.fill, JavaScript CanvasRenderingContext2D.stroke, JavaScript WebGLRenderingContext.clear, JavaScript WebGLRenderingContext.drawArrays, JavaScript OffscreenCanvas.convertToBlob, JavaScript AudioContext.createOscillator, JavaScript AudioContext.createGain, JavaScript AudioContext.destination, JavaScript AudioParam.setValueAtTime, JavaScript AudioParam.linearRampToValueAtTime, JavaScript AudioBufferSourceNode.start, JavaScript AudioBufferSourceNode.stop, JavaScript fetch.text, JavaScript fetch.json, JavaScript fetch.blob, JavaScript fetch.formData, JavaScript fetch.arrayBuffer, JavaScript Request.cache, JavaScript Request.credentials, JavaScript Request.headers, JavaScript Request.redirect, JavaScript Request.url, JavaScript Response.ok, JavaScript Response.status, JavaScript Response.statusText, JavaScript Response.headers, JavaScript Response.body, JavaScript Headers.append, JavaScript Headers.delete, JavaScript Headers.get, JavaScript Headers.has, JavaScript Headers.set, JavaScript URL.href, JavaScript URL.searchParams, JavaScript URLSearchParams.get, JavaScript URLSearchParams.set, JavaScript URLSearchParams.delete, JavaScript URLSearchParams.has, JavaScript FormData.values, JavaScript Node.js CommonJS require, JavaScript Node.js ESM import, JavaScript Web Storage localStorage, JavaScript Web Storage sessionStorage

GPT4o:

AbortController, Absolute URLs, Abstract Equality Comparison, Abstract Syntax Tree, Accessor Properties, ActiveXObject, AddEventListener Method, AJAX Calls, AJAX Polling, Alert Dialogs, Alignment of Elements, All Settled Method in Promises, Animation Frames, Anonymous Functions, API Fetching, Application Cache, Arguments Object, Arrow Functions, Art Direction in Web Design, Asynchronous Iterators, Asynchronous Programming, Async Functions, Attribute Nodes, AudioContext API, Augmented Reality in Web, Authentication Tokens, Automatic Semicolon Insertion, Autoplay Attribute, Await Expression, Backbone of JavaScript Applications, Background Scripts, Backwards Compatibility in JavaScript, Base64 Encoding, Beforeunload Event, Best Practices in JavaScript, Binary Data Handling, Binary Heap in JavaScript, Binding of Functions, Blob Objects, Block-Level Scope, Boolean Objects, Bounding Client Rect, Box Model in CSS, Break and Continue Statements, Broadcast Channels, Browser Compatibility, Browser Event Model, Browser Object Model, Buffer Objects, Built-in Objects, Button Elements, Cache API, Callback Functions, Call Method, Canvas API, Caret Position, Cascading Style Sheets Integration, Case Sensitivity in JavaScript, Change Detection, Character Encoding, Child Nodes, Class Declarations, Class Expressions, Client-Side Rendering, Clipboard API, Closures in JavaScript, Coding Conventions, Collection Objects, Color Depth Detection, Comma Operator, Comparison Operators, Compatibility Mode, Computed Properties, Conditional Comments, Conditional Operator, Console Object, Constructor Functions, Content Security Policy, Context Menu Events, Control Flow in JavaScript, Cookies Management, Copy Event, Cordova Integration, CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing), Create Document Fragment, Crypto API, CSS Object Model, Custom Elements, Custom Events, Data Attributes, Data Binding in JavaScript, Data Types in JavaScript, Data URLs, Date and Time Functions, Debugger Statements, Debugging JavaScript Code, Decimal Numbers, Default Parameters, Deferred Scripts, Delay Function Execution, Delete Operator, Destructuring Assignment, Device Orientation Events, Dialog Element, Difference Between Var, Let, and Const, Digital Certificates in Web, Dimension Properties, Direction Property in CSS, Directive Prologue, Disable Right-Click, Discouraged Practices, DispatchEvent Method, Display Property in CSS, Document Base URL, Document Fragment, Document Object Model (DOM), Document Type Declaration, Doctype in HTML5, Do...While Loop, Drag and Drop API, Dynamic Imports, Dynamic Typing, E4X (ECMAScript for XML), ECMAScript Language Specification, ECMAScript Modules, Edit Distance Algorithm, Element Interface, Element Sizing, Element Traversal, Ember.js Integration, Empty Statements, EncodeURI Function, Encryption in Web Applications, Endless Scrolling Techniques, Engine Differences, Enhanced Object Literals, Enums in JavaScript, Environment Records, Error Handling in JavaScript, Error Objects, Escape Sequences, Eval Function, Event Bubbling, Event Capturing, Event Delegation, Event Handlers, Event Loop in JavaScript, Event Propagation, Event Queue, Event Source Interface, Event Target Interface, Exception Handling, Exec Command, Exponential Operator, Export Statements, Expressions in JavaScript, Extended Object Properties, Extensible Markup Language (XML), Fetch API, Fieldsets in Forms, File API, FileReader Object, Filter Method in Arrays, FinalizationRegistry, Find Method in Arrays, First-Class Functions, Floating Point Arithmetic, Focus Management, Font Loading API, Form Data Validation, Form Submission, FormData Object, Fragment Identifiers, Frame Timing API, Fullscreen API, Function Declarations, Function Expressions, Function Parameters, Function Scope, Functional Programming in JavaScript, Gamepad API, Garbage Collection in JavaScript, Generators in JavaScript, Geolocation API, getComputedStyle Method, getElementById Method, getElementsByClassName Method, getElementsByTagName Method, Global Execution Context, Global Object, Global Scope, GlobalThis Object, Grammar and Types in JavaScript, Grid Layout in CSS, GroupBy Functionality, Hash Tables in JavaScript, History API, Hoisting in JavaScript, Horizontal Rule Element, HTML Canvas Element, HTML Collection, HTML Templates, HTML5 Features, HTTP Requests, HTTP Response Codes, Hyperlinks in HTML, IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression), Image Manipulation in Canvas, Image Preloading Techniques, Import Statements, In Operator, Indexed Collections, IndexedDB API, Infinity Value, Inheritance Patterns, Input Events, Input Validation, Instanceof Operator, Int32Array, Intl Object, Intersection Observer API, Intl.Collator, Intl.DateTimeFormat, Intl.NumberFormat, Invalid Date Object, IsNaN Function, Iteration Protocols, JavaScript Engines, JavaScript Modules, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), JavaScript Operators, JavaScript Regular Expressions, JavaScript Timers, Joystick Events, JSON Methods, JSON Parse and Stringify, Keydown Event, Keyboard Events, Keyframes in CSS, Label Element in Forms, Language Chains in Testing, let Keyword, Lexical Environment, Lexical Scoping, Light DOM, Line Breaks in Strings, Linear Gradient in CSS, Link Element in HTML, Local Storage, Location Object, Logical AND Operator, Logical NOT Operator, Logical OR Operator, Loops in JavaScript, Map Object in JavaScript, Map Method in Arrays, Math Object, Media Queries in CSS, MediaRecorder API, Memory Leaks in JavaScript, Message Channels, Message Event, Meta Tags in HTML, Method Chaining, MIDI Access, Mime Types, Modals in Web Design, Module Bundlers, Mouse Events, MouseEvent Object, Mutation Observers, Named Function Expressions, Namespace Objects, Native Objects in JavaScript, Navigator Object, Nested Functions, New Operator, Node Interface, NodeList Object, Node.js Integration, Nullish Coalescing Operator, Number Object, Object.create Method, Object.assign Method, Object.defineProperty, Object.entries Method, Object.freeze Method, Object.is Method, Object.keys Method, Object.seal Method, Object.values Method, Observer Pattern in JavaScript, OffscreenCanvas API, Onclick Event, Online and Offline Events, Optional Chaining Operator, Origin Property, Output Encoding, Overflow Property in CSS, Page Visibility API, PageX and PageY Properties, ParentNode Interface, parseFloat Function, parseInt Function, Partial Application, Passive Event Listeners, Path2D Objects, Performance API, Persistent Storage, Pointer Events, Pop Method in Arrays, PopStateEvent, PostMessage Method, Promise.all Method, Promise.any Method, Promise.race Method, Promises in JavaScript, Prompt Dialogs, Prototype Chain, Prototypal Inheritance, Proxy Objects in JavaScript, Push Method in Arrays, Query Selector Methods, QueueMicrotask Function, Radio Buttons in Forms, Random Numbers in JavaScript, Range Input, Readonly Properties, Reference Errors, Reflect API, Regular Expressions, Relative URLs, Rem Units in CSS, Remote Script Execution, Request Animation Frame, Resize Events, Resize Observer API, Rest Parameters, Return Statement, Revealing Module Pattern, Reverse Method in Arrays, Rich Text Editing, Robot Framework Integration, Same-Origin Policy, Screen Orientation API, Script Tag in HTML, Scroll Events, scrollIntoView Method, scrollTo Method, Selection API, Self-Invoking Functions, Semicolons in JavaScript, Server-Sent Events, Service Workers, Set Object in JavaScript, Set Timeout and Set Interval, Shadow DOM, SharedArrayBuffer, Short-Circuit Evaluation, slice Method in Arrays, sort Method in Arrays, Source Maps, Spatial Navigation, splice Method in Arrays, Spread Operator, SQL Injection Prevention, Stack Traces, State Management in Web Apps, Static Methods, Storage Event, String Methods in JavaScript, Strict Mode, Structural Typing, Style Manipulation, Subresource Integrity, switch Statement, Symbol Data Type, Synthetic Events, Tabindex Attribute, Template Literals, Temporal Dead Zone, Text Content Property, Text Direction in CSS, Text Nodes, Throttle Function, throw Statement, Timers in JavaScript, toFixed Method, toString Method, Touch Events, Touch Interface, Traceur Compiler, Transpilers, Tree Shaking, Try...Catch Statement, Type Coercion, Typed Arrays, TypeError Exceptions, typeof Operator, Underscore.js Integration, Unicode in JavaScript, Unicode Normalization, Unary Operators, Undefined Value, Unhandled Rejection, Unit Testing in JavaScript, unshift Method in Arrays, URL API, URLSearchParams, Use Strict Directive, User Timing API, Validation in Forms, ValueOf Method, Variable Hoisting, Variables in JavaScript, Vibration API, Viewport Meta Tag, Visibility Property in CSS, Void Operator, Wake Lock API, WeakMap Object, WeakRef Object, WeakSet Object, Web Animations API, Web Audio API, Web Bluetooth API, Web Components, Web Cryptography API, Web GL, Web Notifications API, Web Real-Time Communications (WebRTC), Web Sockets, Web Speech API, Web Storage API, Web Workers, WebAssembly Integration, Wheel Event, While Loop, Window Object, Window.location Property, Window.postMessage Method, Worker Threads, XML Parsing in JavaScript, XMLHttpRequest Object, XPath Evaluation, XR (Extended Reality) APIs, Yield Keyword, Z-Index Property in CSS

JavaScript: JavaScript Fundamentals, JavaScript Inventor - JavaScript Language Designer: Brendan Eich of Netscape on December 4, 1995; JavaScript DevOps - JavaScript SRE, Cloud Native JavaScript (JavaScript on Kubernetes - JavaScript on AWS - JavaScript on Azure - JavaScript on GCP), JavaScript Microservices, JavaScript Containerization (JavaScript Docker - JavaScript on Docker Hub), Serverless JavaScript, JavaScript Data Science - JavaScript DataOps - JavaScript and Databases (JavaScript ORM), JavaScript ML - JavaScript DL, Functional JavaScript (1. JavaScript Immutability, 2. JavaScript Purity - JavaScript No Side-Effects, 3. JavaScript First-Class Functions - JavaScript Higher-Order Functions, JavaScript Lambdas - JavaScript Anonymous Functions - JavaScript Closures, JavaScript Lazy Evaluation, 4. JavaScript Recursion), Reactive JavaScript), JavaScript Concurrency (WebAssembly - WASM) - JavaScript Parallel Programming - Async JavaScript - JavaScript Async (JavaScript Await, JavaScript Promises, JavaScript Workers - Web Workers, Service Workers, Browser Main Thread), JavaScript Networking, JavaScript Security - JavaScript DevSecOps - JavaScript OAuth, JavaScript Memory Allocation (JavaScript Heap - JavaScript Stack - JavaScript Garbage Collection), JavaScript CI/CD - JavaScript Dependency Management - JavaScript DI - JavaScript IoC - JavaScript Build Pipeline, JavaScript Automation - JavaScript Scripting, JavaScript Package Managers (Cloud Monk's Package Manager Book), JavaScript Modules - JavaScript Packages (NPM and JavaScript, NVM and JavaScript, Yarn Package Manager and JavaScript), JavaScript Installation (JavaScript Windows - Chocolatey JavaScript, JavaScript macOS - Homebrew JavaScript, JavaScript on Linux), JavaScript Configuration, JavaScript Observability (JavaScript Monitoring, JavaScript Performance - JavaScript Logging), JavaScript Language Spec - JavaScript RFCs - JavaScript Roadmap, JavaScript Keywords, JavaScript Operators, JavaScript Functions, JavaScript Built-In Data Types, JavaScript Data Structures - JavaScript Algorithms, JavaScript Syntax, JavaScript OOP (1. JavaScript Encapsulation - 2. JavaScript Inheritance - 3. JavaScript Polymorphism - 4. JavaScript Abstraction), JavaScript Design Patterns - JavaScript Best Practices - JavaScript Style Guide - Clean JavaScript - JavaScript BDD, JavaScript Generics, JavaScript I/O, JavaScript Serialization - JavaScript Deserialization, JavaScript APIs, JavaScript REST - JavaScript JSON - JavaScript GraphQL, JavaScript gRPC, JavaScript on the Server (Node.js-Deno-Express.js), JavaScript Virtualization, JavaScript Development Tools: JavaScript SDK, JavaScript Compiler - JavaScript Transpiler - Babel and JavaScript, JavaScript Interpreter - JavaScript REPL, JavaScript IDEs (Visual Studio Code, JavaScript Visual Studio Code, Visual Studio, JetBrains WebStorm, JetBrains JavaScript), JavaScript Debugging (Chrome DevTools), JavaScript Linter, JavaScript Community - JavaScriptaceans - JavaScript User, JavaScript Standard Library (core-js) - JavaScript Libraries (React.js-Vue.js-htmx, jQuery) - JavaScript Frameworks (Angular), JavaScript Testing - JavaScript TDD (JavaScript TDD, Selenium, Jest, Mocha.js, Jasmine, Tape Testing (test harness), Supertest, React Testing Library, Enzyme.js React Testing, Angular TestBed), JavaScript History, JavaScript Research, JavaScript Topics, JavaScript Uses - List of JavaScript Software - Written in JavaScript - JavaScript Popularity, JavaScript Bibliography - Manning JavaScript Series- JavaScript Courses, JavaScript Glossary - JavaScript Official Glossary - Glossaire de JavaScript - French, TypeScript, Web Browser, Web Development, HTML-CSS, JavaScript GitHub, Awesome JavaScript, JavaScript Versions. (navbar_javascript - see also navbar_web_development, navbar_javascript_networking, navbar_javascript_versions, navbar_javascript_standard_library, navbar_javascript_libraries, navbar_javascript_reserved_words, navbar_javascript_functional, navbar_javascript_concurrency, navbar_javascript async, navbar_typescript)