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Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes

• 8 Classes (Class) Page 235 - Java Class

• 8.1 Class Declarations (Class Declaration) Page 237 - Java Class Declaration

• 8.1.1 Class Modifiers (Class Modifier) Page 237 - Java Class Modifier

• 8.1.1.1 abstract Classes (abstract Class) Page 238 - Java abstract Class

• 8.1.1.2 sealed, non-sealed, and final Classes Page 240 - Java sealed, non-sealed, and final Classes - Sealed class, Non-sealed class, and Final Class - Java sealed class, Java non-sealed class, and Java final Class

• 8.1.1.3 strictfp Classes Page 241 - Java strictfp Class

• 8.1.1.4 static Classes (static Class) Page 241 - Java static Class

• 8.1.2 Generic Classes and Type Parameters Page 241 - Generic Class and Type Parameter - Java Generic Class - Java Type Parameter

• 8.1.3 Inner Classes and Enclosing Instances Page 244 - Inner Class and Enclosing Instance - Java Inner Class and Java Enclosing Instance

• 8.1.4 Superclasses and Subclasses Page 248 - Superclass and Subclass - Java Superclass and Java Subclass

• 8.1.5 Superinterface Page 251 - Java Superinterface

• 8.1.6 Permitted Direct Subclasses Page 254 - Direct Subclass - Java Direct Subclass - Java Permitted Direct Subclass

• 8.1.7 Class Body and Member Declarations Page 256 - Class Member - Java Class Member - Java Class Body and Java Member Declaration

• 8.2 Class Member Page 257 - Java Class Member

vi The Java Language Specification

• 8.3 Field Declarations Page 261 - Class Field - Java Class Field - Java Field Declaration

• 8.3.1 Field Modifiers Page 266 - Java Field Modifier

• 8.3.1.1 static Fields Page 266 - Java static Field

• 8.3.1.2 final Fields Page 269 - Java final Field

• 8.3.1.3 transient Fields Page 270 - Java transient Field

• 8.3.1.4 volatile Fields Page 270 - Java volatile Field

• 8.3.2 Field Initialization Page 271 - Java Field Initialization

• 8.3.3 Restrictions on Field References in Initializers Page 273 - Java Restrictions on Field References in Initializers

• 8.4 Method Declaration Page 276 - Java Method Declaration

• 8.4.1 Formal Parameter Page 278 - Java Formal Parameter

• 8.4.2 Method Signature Page 280 - Java Method Signature

• 8.4.3 Method Modifier Page 282 - Java Method Modifier

• 8.4.3.1 abstract Method Page 282 - Java abstract Method

• 8.4.3.2 static Method Page 284 - Java static Method

• 8.4.3.3 final Method Page 284 - Java final Method

• 8.4.3.4 native Method Page 285 - Java native Method

• 8.4.3.5 strictfp Methods 286 - Java strictfp Method

• 8.4.3.6 synchronized Methods 286 - Java synchronized Method

• 8.4.4 Generic Method Page 287 - Java Generic Method

• 8.4.5 Method Result Page 288 - Java Method Result

• 8.4.6 Method Throws Page 289 - Java Method Throw

• 8.4.7 Method Body Page 290 - Java Method Body

• 8.4.8 Inheritance, Overriding, and Hiding Page 291 - Class Inheritance, Overriding, and Hiding - Java Inheritance, Overriding, and Hiding - Java Class Inheritance, Overriding, and Hiding - Class Inheritance, Class Overriding, and Class Hiding - Java Class Inheritance, Java Class Overriding, and Java Class Hiding

• 8.4.8.1 Method Overriding (by Instance Methods) Page 293 - Java Method Overriding (by Instance Methods)

• 8.4.8.2 Method Hiding (by Class Methods) Page 296 - Java Method Hiding (by Class Methods)

• 8.4.8.3 Requirements in Overriding and Hiding Page 297 - Java Requirements in Overriding and Hiding

• 8.4.8.4 Inheriting Methods with Override-Equivalent Signatures Page 301 - Java Inheriting Methods with Override-Equivalent Signatures

• 8.4.9 Overloading Page 302 - Java Overloading - Class Overloading - Method Overloading - Java Class Overloading - Java Method Overloading

• 8.5 Member Class and Interface Declarations Page 305 - Java Member Class and Java Interface Declaration - Java Member Class and Interface Declarations

• 8.6 Instance Initializer Page 306 - Class Instance Initializer - Java Instance Initializer - Java Class Instance Initializer - Class Instantiation - Java Class Instantiation - Class Instance - Java Class Instance

• 8.7 Static Initializer Page 307 - Java Static Initializer - Class Initializer - Java Class Initializer

• 8.8 Constructor Declaration Page 307 - Java Constructor Declaration - Class Constructor - Java Class Constructor - Class Constructor Declaration - Java Class Constructor Declaration

• 8.8.1 Formal Parameter Page 308 - Java Formal Parameter

• 8.8.2 Constructor Signature Page 309 - Java Constructor Signature

• 8.8.3 Constructor Modifier Page 310 - Java Constructor Modifier

• 8.8.4 Generic Constructor Page 310 - Java Generic Constructor - Generics - Java Generics

• 8.8.5 Constructor Throw Page 311 - Java Constructor Throw

• 8.8.6 The Type of a Constructor Page 311 - Java Type of a Constructor

• 8.8.7 Constructor Body Page 311 - Java Constructor Body

• 8.8.7.1 Explicit Constructor Invocation Page 312 - Java Explicit Constructor Invocation

• 8.8.8 Constructor Overloading Page 317 - Java Constructor Overloading

• 8.8.9 Default Constructor Page 317 - Java Default Constructor

• 8.8.10 Preventing Instantiation of a Class Page 318 - Java Preventing Instantiation of a Class

• 8.9 Enum Classes 319 - Java Enum Class

• 8.9.1 Enum Constant Page 320 - Java Enum Constant

• 8.9.2 Enum Body Declaration Page 321 - Java Enum Body Declaration

• 8.9.3 Enum Member Page 323 - Java Enum Member

vii The Java Language Specification

• 8.10 Record Classes 328 - Java Record Class

• 8.10.1 Record Component Page 329 - Java Record Component

• 8.10.2 Record Body Declaration Page 330 - Java Record Body Declaration

• 8.10.3 Record Member Page 331 - Java Record Member

• 8.10.4 Record Constructor Declaration Page 335 - Java Record Constructor Declaration - Record Constructor - Java Record Constructor

• 8.10.4.1 Normal Canonical Constructor Page 336 - Java Normal Canonical Constructor - Canonical Constructor - Java Canonical Constructor

• 8.10.4.2 Compact Canonical Constructor Page 337 - Java Compact Canonical Constructor

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NOTE!!! GETTING DokuWiki INTERNAL SERVER ERROR!!! Break this into smaller subchapter DokuWiki articles!

BREAK IT INTO SMALLER SECTION by section heading.

Break each sentence into snippets for that Java term, construct, grammar, etc. referencing this chapter. e.g. “ (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

” (JSR-392 JvLngSpc17 2021)

“ (JvLngSpc17 2021)

Classes

“A class declaration defines a new class and describes how it is implemented (§8.1).” (JSR-392 JvLngSpc17 2021)

“A top level class (§7.6) is a class declared directly in a compilation unit.” (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

“A nested class is any class whose declaration occurs within the body of another class or interface declaration. A nested class may be a member class (§8.5, §9.5), a local class (§14.3), or an anonymous class (§15.9.5).” (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

“Some kinds of nested class are an inner class (§8.1.3), which is a class that can refer to enclosing class instances, local variables, and type variables.” (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

“An enum class (§8.9) is a class declared with abbreviated syntax that defines a small set of named class instances.” (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

“A record class (§8.10) is a class declared with abbreviated syntax that defines a simple aggregate of values.” (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

“This chapter discusses the common semantics of all classes. Details that are specific to particular kinds of classes are discussed in the sections dedicated to these constructs.” (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

“A class may be declared public (§8.1.1) so it can be referred to from code in any package of its module and potentially from code in other modules.” (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

“A class may be declared abstract (§8.1.1.1), and must be declared abstract if it is incompletely implemented; such a class cannot be instantiated, but can be extended by subclasses. The degree to which a class can be extended can be controlled explicitly (§8.1.1.2): it may be declared sealed to limit its subclasses, or it may be declared final to ensure no subclasses. Each class except Object is an extension of (that is, a subclass of) a single existing class (§8.1.4) and may implement interfaces (§8.1.5).” (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

“A class may be generic (§8.1.2), that is, its declaration may introduce type variables whose bindings differ among different instances of the class.” (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

Page 235 CLASSES

”Class declarations may be decorated with annotations (§9.7) just like any other kind of declaration.“ (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

“The body of a class declares members (fields, methods, classes, and interfaces), instance and static initializers, and constructors (§8.1.7). The scope (§6.3) of a member (§8.2) is the entire body of the declaration of the class to which the member belongs. Field, method, member class, member interface, and constructor declarations may include the access modifiers public, protected, or private (§6.6). The members of a class include both declared and inherited members (§8.2).” (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

“Newly declared fields can hide fields declared in a superclass or superinterface.” (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

“Newly declared member classes and member interfaces can hide member classes and member interfaces declared in a superclass or superinterface. Newly declared methods can hide, implement, or override methods declared in a superclass or superinterface.” (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

”Field declarations (§8.3) describe class variables, which are incarnated once, and instance variables, which are freshly incarnated for each instance of the class. A field may be declared final (§8.3.1.2), in which case it can be assigned to only once. Any field declaration may include an initializer.“ (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

”Member class declarations (§8.5) describe nested classes that are members of the surrounding class. Member classes may be static, in which case they have no access to the instance variables of the surrounding class; or they may be inner classes.“ (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

”Member interface declarations (§8.5) describe nested interfaces that are members of the surrounding class.“ (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

”Method declarations (§8.4) describe code that may be invoked by method invocation expressions (§15.12). A class method is invoked relative to the class; an instance method is invoked with respect to some particular object that is an instance of a class. A method whose declaration does not indicate how it is implemented must be declared abstract. A method may be declared final (§8.4.3.3), in which case it cannot be hidden or overridden. A method may be implemented by platform-dependent native code (§8.4.3.4). A synchronized method (§8.4.3.6) automatically locks an object before executing its body and automatically unlocks the object on return, as if by use of a synchronized statement (§14.19), thus allowing its activities to be synchronized with those of other threads (§17 (Threads and Locks)).“ (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

”Method names may be overloaded (§8.4.9).“ (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

”Instance initializers (§8.6) are blocks of executable code that may be used to help initialize an instance when it is created (§15.9).“ (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

Page 236 CLASSES

”Static initializers (§8.7) are blocks of executable code that may be used to help initialize a class.“ (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

”Constructors (§8.8) are similar to methods, but cannot be invoked directly by a method call; they are used to initialize new class instances. Like methods, they may be overloaded (§8.8.8).“ (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

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Documentation, Java Applets, Java Archive (JAR), Java Beans, Java Bytecode, Java Class Library, Java Collections Framework, Java Community Process, Java Compiler, Java Database Connectivity (JDBC), Java Development Kit (JDK), Java Documentation Comments, Java Flight Recorder, Java Garbage Collector, Java Generics, Java Memory Model, Java Native Interface (JNI), Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI), Java Network Launching Protocol (JNLP), Java Platform, Java Plugin, Java Reflection API, Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI), Java Runtime Environment (JRE), Java Security Manager, Java Serialization, Java Server Pages (JSP), Java Stream API, Java Swing, Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Java Web Start, JavaFX Platform, javax Package, Javadoc Tool, JAR Signing Mechanism, JDBC API, JDBC Drivers, JFrame Class, JIT Compiler, JLabel Class, JLayeredPane Class, JList Component, JMenu Component, JOptionPane Class, JPanel Class, JPasswordField Component, JProgressBar Component, JScrollBar Component, JScrollPane Component, JSeparator Component, JSlider Component, JSplitPane Component, JTabbedPane Component, JTable Component, JTextArea Component, JTextField Component, JTextPane Component, JToolBar Component, JTree Component, JVM Arguments, JVM Memory Model, Key Event, Key Listener Interface, Key Stroke Class, KeyException, KeySpec Interface, Keyword in Java, Label Class, Lambda Expressions in Java, Layout Manager, LayoutManager2 Interface, Lazy Initialization, Leaf Nodes, Legacy Classes in Java, LineNumberReader Class, Linked Blocking Queue, Linked Hash Map, Linked Hash Set, Linked List Class, List Interface, List Iterator Interface, Listener Interfaces in Java, Load Factor in HashMap, Locale Class, Lock Interface, Logger Class, Logging API in Java, Long Class, Main Method in Java, MalformedURLException, Map Interface, Map.Entry Interface, Marker Interface, Math Class, Media Tracker, Memory Leak in Java, Memory Management in Java, Menu Class, Message Digest, Method Chaining, Method Overloading, Method Overriding, Methods in Java, MIDI Devices in Java, Mouse Adapter Class, Mouse Event, Mouse Listener Interface, Multi-Catch Exception, Multi-Level Inheritance, Multicast Socket, Multidimensional Arrays, Mutable Objects in Java, Naming Convention in Java, Native Methods, Navigable Map, Navigable Set, Nested Classes in Java, Network Interface Class, NoClassDefFoundError, NoSuchFieldException, NoSuchMethodException, Non-Blocking IO (NIO), Null Pointer Exception, Number Class, Number Format Exception, NumberFormat Class, Object Class, Object Cloning, Object Input Stream, Object Oriented Programming, Object Output Stream, Object Serialization in Java, Observer Pattern, Observable Class, OpenGL in Java, Optional Class, OutOfMemoryError, Override Annotation, Package Declaration, Packages in Java, Paint Interface, Panel Class, Parallel Garbage Collector, Parameter Passing in Java, ParseException, Path Interface, Pattern Class, Piped Input Stream, Piped Output Stream, PixelGrabber Class, Point Class, Polymorphism in Java, Prepared Statement, Primitive Data Types in Java, PrintStream Class, PrintWriter Class, Priority Blocking Queue, Priority Queue Class, Private Access Modifier, Process Class, Process Builder Class, Progress Monitor Class, Properties Class, Protected Access Modifier, Proxy Class, Public Access Modifier, Queue Interface, RadioButton Class, Random Access File, Reader Class, ReadWriteLock Interface, Rectangle Class, Recursive Methods, Reflection API in Java, Reference Queue, Regular Expressions in Java, Remote Method Invocation (RMI), Render Quality, Repeatable Annotations, Resource Bundle Class, Resource Leak in Java, ResultSet Interface, ResultSetMetaData Interface, Retry Logic in Java, Return Statement in Java, Runnable Interface, Runtime Class, Runtime Error, Runtime Exception, Runtime Permissions, Runtime Polymorphism, Scanner Class, Scheduling in Java, Script Engine, Scroll Bar Component, Scroll Pane Component, Security Exception, Security Manager, Semaphore Class, Sequence Input Stream, Serializable Interface, ServerSocket Class, Service Loader, Set Interface, Setter Methods, Shared Memory in Java, Short Class, Single Inheritance, Singleton Pattern in Java, Socket Class, SocketTimeoutException, Sorted Map, Sorted Set, Splash Screen, Spring Framework, SQLException, SSL Socket, Stack Class, StackOverflowError, Standard Edition of Java, StandardOpenOption, Statement Interface, StreamTokenizer Class, Strictfp Keyword, String Buffer Class, String Builder Class, String Class, String Constant Pool, StringIndexOutOfBoundsException, String Interning, String Literal in Java, String Pool in Java, String Tokenizer Class, Strong Typing in Java, Structural Patterns, Stub Class, Subclasses in Java, Superclass in Java, Supplier Interface, Support Classes, Swing Components, Swing Timer, Switch Statement in Java, Synchronized Block, Synchronized Method, System Class, System Properties in Java, Tab Pane Component, Table Model Interface, TCP Connection in Java, Template Method Pattern, Text Area Component, Text Field Component, Text Listener Interface, Thread Class, Thread Group, Thread Interruption, Thread Local Class, Thread Priority, Thread Safety in Java, Thread Scheduling, Throwable Class, Time Zone Class, Timer Class, Timer Task Class, Toolkit Class, ToolTip Manager, Transferable Interface, Transient Keyword, Tree Map Class, Tree Set Class, Try With Resources Statement, Type Erasure in Java, Type Inference in Java, Type Parameters, UI Manager Class, Unary Operator Interface, Unchecked Exceptions, UndeclaredThrowableException, Unicode Support in Java, Unmodifiable Collection, Unsafe Class, URL Class, URLConnection Class, URLDecoder Class, URLEncoder Class, URLStreamHandler Class, URLClassLoader Class, User Interface Components, Varargs in Java, Variable Arguments, Variable Scope in Java, Vector Class, Vendor-Specific Extensions, Viewport Class, Virtual Machine in Java, Volatile Keyword, Wait and Notify Methods, Weak Hash Map, Weak Reference, While Loop in Java, Wildcard Generic Types, Window Adapter Class, Window Event, Window Listener Interface, Wrapper Classes in Java, Write Once Run Anywhere, XML Binding in Java, XML Parsing in Java, XML Schema in Java, XPath Expression in Java, XSLT Transformation in Java, Yield Method in Thread, Zip Entry, Zip File, Zip Input Stream, Zip Output Stream, ZoneId Class, ZoneOffset Class

Java: Java Best Practices (Effective Java), Java Fundamentals, Java Inventor - Java Language Designer: James Gosling of Sun Microsystems, Java Docs, JDK, JVM, JRE, Java Keywords, JDK 17 API Specification, java.base, Java Built-In Data Types, Java Data Structures - Java Algorithms, Java Syntax, Java OOP - Java Design Patterns, Java Installation, Java Containerization, Java Configuration, Java Compiler, Java Transpiler, Java IDEs (IntelliJ - Eclipse - NetBeans), Java Development Tools, Java Linter, JetBrains, Java Testing (JUnit, Hamcrest, Mockito), Java on Android, Java on Windows, Java on macOS, Java on Linux, Java DevOps - Java SRE, Java Data Science - Java DataOps, Java Machine Learning, Java Deep Learning, Functional Java, Java Concurrency, Java History,

Java Bibliography (Effective Java, Head First Java, Java - A Beginner's Guide by Herbert Schildt, Java Concurrency in Practice, Clean Code by Robert C. Martin, Java - The Complete Reference by Herbert Schildt, Java Performance by Scott Oaks, Thinking in Java, Java - How to Program by Paul Deitel, Modern Java in Action, Java Generics and Collections by Maurice Naftalin, Spring in Action, Java Network Programming by Elliotte Rusty Harold, Functional Programming in Java by Pierre-Yves Saumont, Well-Grounded Java Developer, Second Edition, Java Module System by Nicolai Parlog), Manning Java Series, Java Glossary - Glossaire de Java - French, Java Topics, Java Courses, Java Security - Java DevSecOps, Java Standard Library, Java Libraries, Java Frameworks, Java Research, Java GitHub, Written in Java, Java Popularity, Java Awesome List, Java Versions. (navbar_java and navbar_java_detailed - see also navbar_jvm, navbar_java_concurrency, navbar_java_standard_library, navbar_java_libraries, navbar_java_best_practices, navbar_openjdk, navbar_java_navbars, navbar_kotlin)

Fair Use Sources:

• The Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition by James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, et al, 2021-08-09, Java Language Specification: JSR-392 Java SE 17. (JSR-392 JvLngSpc17 2021)