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Random Errors are variations in measurement results that occur due to unpredictable and uncontrollable factors. These errors are inherent in any measurement process and can affect the precision of the results.

• Unpredictability: Random errors arise from unpredictable variations in the measurement process, such as fluctuations in environmental conditions or inconsistencies in the measurement technique.
• Statistical Distribution: These errors often follow a statistical distribution, such as a normal distribution, where most errors cluster around the mean, and the likelihood of extreme deviations decreases.

• Instrumental Variability: Variations in the instrument’s performance, such as noise or drift, can contribute to random errors. Instruments may exhibit small fluctuations in readings even under stable conditions.
• Human Factors: Human factors, such as slight variations in technique or reading errors, can introduce random errors. Variability in how measurements are taken or interpreted can affect the results.
• Environmental Conditions: Changes in environmental conditions, such as temperature or humidity, can influence measurements unpredictably, leading to random errors.

• Replicates: Taking multiple measurements and averaging the results can help reduce the impact of random errors. Replicates provide a more reliable estimate by minimizing the influence of individual deviations.
• Calibration and Maintenance: Regular calibration and maintenance of instruments can reduce the variability and enhance accuracy. Well-maintained equipment is less likely to exhibit random fluctuations.
• Statistical Analysis: Using statistical methods to analyze measurement data can help identify and account for random errors. Techniques such as standard deviation and variance provide insights into the degree of random variability.

• Precision vs. Accuracy: Random errors affect the precision of measurements rather than accuracy. While accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value, precision refers to the consistency of measurements.
• Quantifying Precision: The level of random error can be quantified by calculating the standard deviation or coefficient of variation of repeated measurements. These metrics provide an indication of the measurement’s precision.

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_error
• https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2020/03/random-error-and-precision