CPP Standards - C++ Standards
Return to CPP | C++: ISO CPP, CPP98 | C++98, CPP03 | C++03, CPP11 | C++11, CPP14 | C++14, CPP17 | C++17, CPP20 | C++20 and CPP23 | C++23
The CPP language (introduced in the year 1985) has evolved over decades through a series of CPP standards defined by the ISO (introduced in the year 1947). These standards ensure that compilers, libraries, and tools adhere to a unified specification, allowing developers to write portable CPP code that runs consistently across different platforms and implementations.
The earliest major milestone in the standardization process was CPP98 (introduced in the year 1998). With CPP98, the language gained a solid foundation, including the CPP standard library (introduced in the year 1998), templates, exceptions, and a standardized memory and object model. This landmark standard helped unify the ecosystem, making it easier for developers to trust that their CPP programs would behave similarly regardless of the compiler or the operating system.
Prior to CPP98, the language evolved as an extension of C and relied heavily on compiler vendors to define their own interpretations. Developers had to navigate subtle differences between implementations, leading to portability challenges. By providing a single, authoritative document that compilers like GCC (introduced in the year 1987) and Clang (introduced in the year 2007) could follow, CPP98 solidified CPP as a truly standardized language.
Following the success of CPP98, there were several technical updates and corrections, culminating in the next major revision: CPP11 (introduced in the year 2011). CPP11 introduced transformative features that revolutionized the way developers wrote code. It brought lambda expressions, rvalue references, move semantics, auto type deduction, and a modernized CPP memory model into the language, reflecting the community’s desire for a more powerful and expressive syntax.
The introduction of CPP11 was a turning point. It moved the language beyond its roots in procedural programming toward a modern style that embraced functional concepts, improved safety, and performance. CPP11 addressed some of the pain points that developers faced, making it easier to write code that was both efficient and elegant. This shift helped maintain the relevance of CPP in an era increasingly dominated by higher-level languages and virtual machines.
After CPP11, the standardization committee released CPP14 (introduced in the year 2014) as a refinement of the major changes introduced in CPP11. CPP14 did not drastically alter the language but instead focused on polishing existing features. By lifting some constraints on constexpr, for example, it allowed developers to write more expressive compile-time computations. The result was a more coherent and streamlined language that remained compatible with the enhancements introduced earlier.
CPP17 (introduced in the year 2017) represented another step forward. It included features like optional, variant, any, structured bindings, and fold expressions. These additions empowered developers to handle complex data types and conditional logic more gracefully. With CPP17, the language made strides in making code shorter, clearer, and easier to maintain, especially for large-scale projects developed by companies like Google (introduced in the year 1998), Microsoft (introduced in the year 1975), or Apple (introduced in the year 1976).
Each new iteration of the CPP standards aimed to address contemporary programming challenges. While CPP98 laid the groundwork and CPP11 introduced sweeping changes, CPP14 and CPP17 refined and expanded these ideas. Over time, these revisions have created a language that can scale gracefully from small embedded systems to massive enterprise applications running on Linux (introduced in the year 1991), Windows (introduced in the year 1985), or macOS (introduced in the year 2001).
With CPP20 (introduced in the year 2020), the language gained features like concepts, coroutines, and modules, marking another leap in expressiveness and abstraction. Concepts enable developers to write more generic CPP code that clearly states the requirements on template parameters, improving error messages and code clarity. Coroutines make asynchronous programming simpler, while modules address the longstanding issues associated with the traditional header files and include directives.
Throughout this evolution, maintaining backward compatibility and preserving core language principles has remained a priority. The committee’s careful approach has allowed developers to gradually adopt new features without abandoning existing code. Projects that started life under CPP98 can be incrementally modernized to include features from newer standards, ensuring that investments in CPP codebases remain viable over the long term.
The ISO committee responsible for the CPP standards is composed of experts from academia, industry, and open-source communities. Their collaboration ensures that the language considers diverse perspectives and use cases. The result is a balanced set of features that must serve everyone from embedded developers working on constrained hardware to large-scale teams implementing distributed services on platforms like AWS (introduced in the year 2006) or Azure (introduced in the year 2010).
An essential aspect of the CPP standards is their approach to concurrency and parallelism. Starting with CPP11, the language defined a well-specified CPP memory model and introduced CPP atomic operations and concurrency constructs like thread and future. These additions make it feasible to write portable, high-performance concurrent code that behaves reliably across different architectures and compilers.
Over time, the committee has also recognized the importance of simpler, more maintainable code. CPP14 and CPP17 emphasized incremental improvements that made the language more approachable. With each revision, the language reduces boilerplate and complexity, helping developers produce clearer, more concise CPP code that is easier to debug and maintain.
The introduction of compile-time features like constexpr and template metaprogramming capabilities expanded what can be done at compile time. As a result, developers can shift computations from runtime to compile time, improving performance and reliability. This approach enables building frameworks and libraries that perform sophisticated analyses on code before execution, leading to safer and more optimized programs.
Through the CPP standards, the language continues to adapt to modern computing needs. With widespread adoption of multicore processors, cloud environments, and complex system architectures, the need for a stable, performance-oriented language has never been greater. CPP meets these needs by evolving carefully, incorporating features that directly address current challenges in performance, scalability, and security.
Standardization also fosters a vibrant ecosystem of tools, such as IDEs and static analyzers, that provide intelligent refactoring and suggestions. These tools rely on stable, well-defined language specifications to guide developers toward best practices. By building on the standardized features, tools and libraries can deliver consistent experiences across various platforms and deployment scenarios.
The CPP standards also have educational implications. As each revision refines and expands the language, educators can introduce students to modern paradigms from the start. Instead of teaching outdated methods, educators show learners how to effectively leverage lambdas, templates, and smart pointers introduced or enhanced in recent standards. This makes it simpler for newcomers to understand and apply the language to contemporary programming challenges.
With the rise of DevOps (introduced in the year 2009) and continuous integration pipelines, the clarity and predictability provided by the CPP standards are invaluable. Automated build and test systems rely on consistent compiler behavior and language rules. This stability allows organizations to maintain large, mission-critical codebases with confidence, rolling out updates frequently and reliably.
The incremental approach to adding features also allows developers to adopt new standards at their own pace. Teams can pick and choose which features to use, gradually phasing them in as they upgrade compilers and adapt their code. This ensures that the transition to newer standards can be smooth, lowering the risk of large-scale refactoring that might disrupt ongoing projects.
Long-term code maintenance benefits significantly from standardized language features. Guidelines like those provided by the CPP Core Guidelines help developers employ standard language constructs correctly, leading to safer and more reliable software. These guidelines complement the language standards, assisting developers in writing code that remains robust and maintainable over time.
Open-source contributors, library authors, and framework designers rely on consistent language standards to ensure wide compatibility. By targeting a particular CPP standard level, they can guarantee that their work is accessible to a broad audience. This vibrant ecosystem is sustained by the stability and rigor of the standardization process, allowing innovation to flourish in tandem with stability.
As computing hardware evolves, from embedded devices to high-performance computing clusters, the CPP standards ensure that the language scales gracefully. Features like CPP atomic operations and memory orderings allow developers to fully utilize modern CPU architectures. At the same time, template metaprogramming and compile-time computations make it possible to generate highly optimized code tailored to specific platforms.
The standardization committee also pays close attention to proposals from the community. Anyone can submit suggestions or enhancements, and these are vetted extensively before inclusion. This democratic and collaborative process ensures that each new feature introduced in the CPP standards is practical, useful, and tested against real-world scenarios.
Backward compatibility is another cornerstone of the CPP standards. While the committee occasionally deprecates or removes features, the language retains a remarkable degree of continuity. This stability gives organizations the confidence to invest heavily in CPP codebases without fearing that future standards will render their work obsolete.
The interplay between the CPP standards and compiler development is symbiotic. As the committee publishes new standards, compiler developers implement the new features and provide feedback on potential ambiguities or performance implications. This feedback loop ensures that features are not only theoretically sound but also practically implementable.
Many industries depend on the reliability and performance of CPP code governed by these standards. Finance, gaming, aerospace, automotive, and telecommunications are just a few examples. In these sectors, the CPP standards help guarantee that the code written today will still be understandable, maintainable, and performant decades into the future.
International collaboration, led by the ISO committee, ensures that the CPP standards reflect global programming needs. Contributors from different countries, companies, and backgrounds come together to solve universal challenges. This inclusive approach helps produce standards that are relevant across various cultures, markets, and regulatory environments.
The language’s evolution does not stop with CPP20. Future standards, such as CPP23 and beyond, continue to refine the language. Each new iteration builds on the lessons learned from previous versions, addressing emerging trends like heterogeneous computing, machine learning frameworks, and safer concurrency primitives.
Documentation is a critical aspect of the CPP standards. The official standards documents are precise and thorough, though often challenging for beginners to read. As a result, secondary resources, including books, online tutorials, and academic materials, have grown increasingly sophisticated at explaining the nuances and best practices associated with each standard.
Integration with modern build systems and package managers is facilitated by a stable language standard. Tools like CMake (introduced in the year 2000) and Conan (introduced in a later year), rely on consistent rules to streamline the development process. This integration is vital for organizations that must manage complex dependency graphs and build pipelines.
Testing and validation of the language features through conformance test suites ensure that compilers, such as those from Intel (introduced in the year 1968), IBM (introduced in the year 1911), or specialized embedded vendors, agree on the interpretation of the standards. This collective effort yields a healthier ecosystem, reducing subtle incompatibilities and bugs.
As more features become available through new CPP standards, library authors can create richer abstractions. From powerful generic algorithms to domain-specific libraries, these abstractions rely on language guarantees to provide both performance and safety. The community benefits from this innovation, as developers can leverage reliable, well-tested components to build applications faster.
Maintaining a delicate balance between innovation and stability is challenging. The CPP standards aim to introduce cutting-edge features without disrupting existing code. This delicate dance ensures the language remains relevant and competitive with newer languages while honoring its commitments to long-term compatibility and legacy support.
Educational institutions also benefit, as they can design curricula around the latest CPP standards. Students learn idiomatic CPP code and best practices from the start, making them more productive and skilled as they enter the workforce. Industry, in turn, benefits from a pipeline of developers trained in modern CPP techniques.
As software development becomes increasingly multidisciplinary, CPP stands at the intersection of system programming, numerical computing, embedded software, and cloud services. The CPP standards reflect this reality by offering features that appeal to a wide range of domains. This universality is one reason why the language remains a top choice for critical infrastructure and performance-sensitive applications.
Technological shifts like the advent of Kubernetes (introduced in the year 2014), containerization, and microservices architectures have influenced the way developers write and deploy CPP code. Although the CPP standards do not dictate deployment strategies, the stability and efficiency they provide make it easier for developers to adapt their code to new operational paradigms.
Security considerations also play a role in shaping new CPP standards. Features that reduce undefined behavior or make it simpler to write type-safe and memory-safe code enhance security. As the world becomes more interconnected and software interfaces with critical infrastructure, the importance of these guarantees grows ever more significant.
Long-standing techniques like CPP templates have gained even more power in modern standards, enabling developers to write highly generic, type-safe code without sacrificing performance. Coupled with concepts introduced in CPP20, these improvements drastically reduce template complexity and improve compile-time diagnostics.
The resilience of CPP is evident in how it outlived numerous predictions of its demise. Thanks to the careful stewardship of the CPP standards committee, the language remains at the forefront of system programming. By continuously evolving and addressing new challenges, the standards ensure that CPP keeps pace with industry demands.
From small IoT devices to massive server clusters, CPP runs everywhere. The CPP standards unify these diverse environments under a single language that can scale and adapt. No matter the platform, developers know they can rely on standard-compliant compilers and tools to build their applications.
As the language continues to evolve, the CPP standards will remain a testament to global collaboration, careful planning, and technical excellence. They embody a shared vision of what the language should be, guiding developers, compiler writers, and library authors as they push the boundaries of what is possible in modern software engineering.
The most recent standards, from CPP11 through to CPP20 and beyond, have transformed the language into a robust tool capable of tackling the most demanding scenarios. With each iteration, the standards reinforce the core values of performance, efficiency, and flexibility that have defined CPP since its inception.
In the years to come, as new hardware architectures, programming models, and deployment strategies emerge, the CPP standards will continue to evolve. They will incorporate new abstractions, simplify complex patterns, and ensure that developers can write code that is both powerful and approachable.
Ultimately, the CPP standards serve as a blueprint for a language that balances legacy support with forward-thinking innovation. By adhering to these standards, developers enjoy a reliable foundation on which to build, modify, and maintain their applications for decades, ensuring that CPP remains a cornerstone of the programming world.
The C++ programming language has evolved significantly since its inception in the 1980s. Below is a summary of the major C++ standards from the 1980s to 2023, presented in MediaWiki format.
C++98
The first standardized version of C++, ISO/IEC 14882:1998, known as C++98, formalized the language's features and standard library. It included templates, exceptions, namespaces, and the Standard Template Library (STL).
C++03
C++03 was a minor update to C++98, aimed at fixing defects in the original standard. It clarified certain behaviors and improved compatibility but did not introduce new language features.
C++11
C++11, also known as C++0x, was a major revision that introduced several new features, including auto type deduction, range-based for loops, lambda expressions, rvalue references, move semantics, nullptr, and threading support. It significantly enhanced the language's capability and efficiency.
C++14
C++14 provided incremental improvements over C++11, including auto return type deduction, binary literals, digit separators, and generic lambdas. It aimed at making C++ easier to use and more powerful.
C++17
C++17 introduced structured bindings, if constexpr, inline variables, and the filesystem library. It continued to improve language usability and flexibility, focusing on modern programming needs.
C++20
C++20 was another significant update, introducing concepts, coroutines, ranges, calendar and timezone support in the standard library, and many more features aimed at simplifying code and enhancing performance.
C++23
C++23, the most recent standard at the time of writing, includes features like modules to replace traditional header files, improving compilation times and namespace management, and other enhancements aimed at modernizing the language further.
Each of these standards has contributed to making C++ a more robust, efficient, and versatile language, suitable for a wide range of programming tasks from systems programming to high-level application development.
For detailed information on C++ standards and updates, the official ISO C++ website (s://isocpp.org/(https://isocpp.org/)) provides comprehensive resources, including documentation, proposals, and updates on upcoming standards. Unfortunately, a direct GitHub repository link specifically for the C++ standards documentation cannot be provided here, but interested readers can find further resources and discussions on C++ standards development through the ISO C++ website and related forums.
This summary encapsulates the evolution of C++ from its early days to its current state, highlighting the continuous effort of the C++ Standards Committee to adapt the language to modern computing needs while maintaining its core principles of efficiency, flexibility, and performance.
CPP ABI (Application Binary Interface), CPP ABO (Asymmetric Binary Operation) , CPP Abstract Base Class, CPP Access Specifier, CPP Accumulate Algorithm, CPP Adapter Class, CPP Adaptive Composite Pattern, CPP Address Sanitizer, CPP Aggregate Initialization, CPP Aggregation Relationship, CPP Alignment Requirement, CPP Aligned Allocation, CPP Aligned Deallocation, CPP Aligned Storage, CPP Alignment-Support Types, CPP Allocator Adaptor, CPP Allocator Requirement, CPP Allocator-Aware Container, CPP Allocator-Extended Constructor, CPP Allocator-Extended Move Constructor, CPP Allocator-Extended Swap, CPP Allocation Function, CPP Allowable Exception Specification, CPP ALPHA Conversion (Renaming of Bound Variables), CPP Alternative Token, CPP Analysis-Based Optimization, CPP And Keyword, CPP And_Eq Keyword, CPP Angle Bracket Inclusion, CPP Anonymous Namespace, CPP Anti-Unification, CPP API Bindings for [[CPP Libraries]], CPP Argument Dependent Lookup, CPP Argument Pack, CPP Argument Unpacking, CPP Array Decay, CPP Array New Expression, CPP Array-Bound Safe Function, CPP Array-To-Pointer Conversion, CPP Articulated Lvalues, CPP Artificial Dependency Injection, CPP Artificial Instantiation, CPP Assert Macro, CPP Assigned-To Null Pointer Check, CPP AST (Abstract Syntax Tree), CPP AsIf Rule, CPP ASM Keyword, CPP Associated Type, CPP Assumption Hints, CPP Asynchronous Exception, CPP Atomic Compare-And-Exchange Operation, CPP Atomic Constraint, CPP Atomic Flag, CPP Atomic Operations Library, CPP Atomic Relaxed Operation, CPP Atomic Release-Acquire Operation, CPP Atomic Signal Fence, CPP Atomic Strong Compare Exchange, CPP Atomic Weak Compare Exchange, CPP Attribute Namespace, CPP Attribute Syntax, CPP Audit Keyword, CPP Auto Keyword, CPP Automatic Storage Duration, CPP Awaitable Type, CPP Background Thread in [[CPP]], CPP Back-Inserter Iterator, CPP Back-Inserter Iterator Adapter, CPP Backtrace Support, CPP Balanced Binary Tree In [[CPP]], CPP Bandwidth Optimization in [[CPP]], CPP Base Class Subobject, CPP Basic Exception Guarantee, CPP Basic Guarantee, CPP Basic Iostream, CPP Basic IOS, CPP Basic Istream, CPP Basic Ostream, CPP Basic Streambuf, CPP Begin Iterator, CPP Bessel Functions, CPP Bidir Iterator Category, CPP Bidirectional Iterator, CPP Big-O Notation in [[CPP Context]], CPP Binary Compatibility, CPP Binary Literal, CPP Binary Search Algorithm, CPP Binary Tree Implementation Detail, CPP Binding Pattern, CPP Bit Mask Operation, CPP Bit Shift Operation, CPP Bitand Keyword, CPP Bitfield Implementation, CPP Bitor Keyword, CPP Bitset Class, CPP Bitwise Complement, CPP Bitwise Operator Overload, CPP Block Scope, CPP Blocking Function Call, CPP Blocking I/O in [[CPP]], CPP Boilerplate Code Generation, CPP Bool Keyword, CPP Boolean Literal, CPP Brace Initialization, CPP Braced-Init-List, CPP Break Keyword, CPP Bridge Pattern in [[CPP]], CPP Built-In Type, CPP Built-In Function, CPP Built-In Operator, CPP Bundled Header Units, CPP Byte-Wise Operations, CPP Call Once Function, CPP Call Operator, CPP Callable Object, CPP Candidate Function, CPP Capacity Member Function, CPP Capturing Lambda, CPP Case Keyword, CPP Casting Operator Overload, CPP CDECL Calling Convention, CPP CeePlusPlus Language Linkage, CPP Character Literal, CPP Char16_T Keyword, CPP Char32_T Keyword, CPP Char Keyword, CPP Checked Iterators, CPP Chi-Squared Distribution, CPP Circular Buffer Implementation, CPP Class Key, CPP Class Member, CPP Class Scope, CPP Class Template, CPP Class Template Argument Deduction, CPP Class-Scoped Enumeration, CPP Cleanup Function, CPP Client-Side Abstraction, CPP Clocale Header, CPP Close Function for Streams, CPP Code Bloat Minimization, CPP Code Gen Optimization, CPP Code Generation Rule, CPP Code Smell Detection, CPP CoAwait Keyword, CPP CoReturn Keyword, CPP CoYield Keyword, CPP Collateral Class Template Instantiation, CPP Common Reference, CPP Common Type, CPP Compact Exception Model, CPP Compilation Firewalls, CPP Compilation Unit, CPP Complete Object, CPP Complex Number Type, CPP Compound Assignment Operator, CPP Compound Literal, CPP Compound Requirement, CPP Concept Keyword, CPP Concept Map, CPP Concept Predicate, CPP Concrete Type, CPP Conditional Explicit, CPP Conditional Inference, CPP Conditional Operator, CPP Conditional Variable, CPP Conforming Implementation, CPP Conformed Specialization, CPP Conformance Level, CPP Conformance Test Suite, CPP Conjunction Concept, CPP Constant Expression, CPP Constant Initialization, CPP Constant Interval Bound, CPP Const Keyword, CPP Const Member Function, CPP Const Volatile Qualifier, CPP Const_Assert Macro, CPP Consteval Keyword, CPP Constexpr Keyword, CPP Constexpr Constructor, CPP Constexpr Function, CPP Constinit Keyword, CPP Constexpr If Statement, CPP Constraint Expression, CPP Constraint Satisfaction, CPP Constraint_Based Overload Resolution, CPP Constructor Delegation, CPP Constructor Inheritance, CPP Constructor Template, CPP Contextual Conversion, CPP Continue Keyword, CPP Contract Programming, CPP Contravariant Parameter Type, CPP Conversion Function, CPP Conversion Operator, CPP Conversion Sequence, CPP Copy Assignment Operator, CPP Copy Constructor, CPP Copy Ellision, CPP Core Constant Expressions, CPP Core Guidelines, CPP Coroutine Frame, CPP Coroutine Handle, CPP Coroutine State Machine, CPP Coroutine Suspension, CPP Count Algorithm, CPP Covariant Return Type, CPP CRTP (Curiously Recurring Template Pattern), CPP CTAD (Class Template Argument Deduction), CPP CUDA Extensions For [[CPP]], CPP Curly Brace Scope, CPP Custom Deleter in Smart Pointer, CPP Custom Exception, CPP Custom Literal Suffix, CPP Dangling Pointer Detection, CPP Dangling Reference, CPP Data Member Alignment, CPP Data Member Padding, CPP Data Race, CPP Data Segment, CPP Debug Macro, CPP Debug Symbol, CPP Decay Type, CPP Decltype Keyword, CPP Decomposition Declaration, CPP Deduction Guide, CPP Deep Copy, CPP Default Argument, CPP Default Capture, CPP Default Constructor, CPP Default Initialization, CPP Default Member Initializer, CPP Defaulted Function, CPP Defaulted Move Constructor, CPP Deleted Function, CPP Deleter Object, CPP Deletion Overload, CPP Demangled Name, CPP Dependent Base, CPP Dependent Name, CPP Dependent Scope, CPP Dependent Type, CPP Dependent Type Name, CPP Deprecated Attribute, CPP Design Pattern Application, CPP Designated Initializer, CPP Destructor, CPP Device Code in [[CPP Offloading]], CPP Diagnostic Message, CPP Digit Separator, CPP Direct Base Class, CPP Direct Initialization, CPP Directive, CPP Discard Block, CPP Discard Statement, CPP Disjunction Concept, CPP DLL Export, CPP DLL Import, CPP Do Keyword, CPP Do-While Loop, CPP Documented Behavior, CPP Dominance Analysis, CPP Double Keyword, CPP Downcast Operation, CPP Downward Closure, CPP DRY Principle in [[CPP]], CPP Dynamic Allocation, CPP Dynamic Cast Keyword, CPP Dynamic Exception Specification, CPP Dynamic Initialization, CPP Dynamic Linkage, CPP Dynamic Polymorphism, CPP Dynamic Type, CPP Eager Instantiation, CPP EBCDIC Support, CPP Effective Modern [[CPP Book Reference]], CPP Ellipsis Parameter, CPP Empty Base Optimization, CPP Empty Class, CPP Empty Parameter Pack, CPP Enable If Utility, CPP End Iterator, CPP End Of File State, CPP Endl Manipulator, CPP Enumeration Underlying Type, CPP Enumerator, CPP Enum Keyword, CPP Equality Operator, CPP Equivalence Relation, CPP Erased Type, CPP Error Handling Strategy, CPP Error State Indicator, CPP Exception Filter, CPP Exception Guarantee, CPP Exception Handling, CPP Exception Object, CPP Exception Safe Functions, CPP Exception Specification, CPP Exception Translation, CPP Execinfo Integration, CPP Execution Character Set, CPP Execution Policy, CPP Exhaustive Instantiation, CPP Explicit Conversion Operator, CPP Explicit Keyword, CPP Export Keyword, CPP Extern Keyword, CPP External Linkage, CPP External Template, CPP ExternC Linkage, CPP Face-Deletion Operator, CPP False Keyword, CPP Fast Floating-Point Mode, CPP Field Alignment, CPP File Scope, CPP Filebuf Class, CPP Filesystem Directory Iterator, CPP Filesystem Path, CPP Final Specifier, CPP Fixed-Size Array, CPP Fixed-Width Integer, CPP Floating Point Environment, CPP Floating Point Literal, CPP Fold Expression, CPP For Keyword, CPP For Range Loop, CPP Forward Declaration, CPP Forward Iterator, CPP Forward List, CPP Forwarding Reference, CPP Four-Phase Name Lookup, CPP Friend Class, CPP Friend Declaration, CPP Friend Function, CPP Front Insertion Operator, CPP Full Expression, CPP Full Specialization, CPP Function Adapter, CPP Function Call Operator, CPP Function-Like Macro, CPP Function Object, CPP Function Overload, CPP Function Parameter Pack, CPP Function Pointer, CPP Function Template, CPP Function Template Partial Specialization, CPP Function Template Specialization, CPP Garbage Collection Interface, CPP Gcc Extension For [[CPP]], CPP Generalized Constant Expression, CPP Generic Lambda, CPP Generic Programming, CPP Getline Function, CPP Global New Operator, CPP Global Namespace, CPP Global Object, CPP Global Variable, CPP GPU Offloading Support, CPP Greater Comparator, CPP Guaranteed Copy Elision, CPP Guarded Suspension, CPP Half-Open Interval in Iterators, CPP Handler Block, CPP Has Include Preprocessor, CPP Hash Function Object, CPP Heap Allocation, CPP Heuristic Inline, CPP Hidden Friend Idiom, CPP Hidden Implementation Detail, CPP Homogeneous Function Template, CPP Hook Function, CPP I/O Manipulator, CPP I/O State Flag, CPP I/O Stream Buffer, CPP I/O Stream Iterator, CPP If Constexpr, CPP If Keyword, CPP If-Else Chain, CPP Ill-Formed Program, CPP Immediate Function, CPP Implementation-Defined Behavior, CPP Implementation Limit, CPP Import Keyword, CPP Incremental Compilation, CPP Indeterminate Value, CPP Index Sequence, CPP Indirect Call Optimization, CPP Inheritance Chain, CPP Inherited Constructor, CPP Inline Assembly, CPP Inline Keyword, CPP Inline Namespace, CPP Inline Variable, CPP Input Iterator, CPP Integral Constant Expression, CPP Integral Promotion, CPP Integer Division, CPP Integer Literal, CPP Internal Linkage, CPP Intrinsic Function, CPP Invalid Pointer, CPP Invocation Operator, CPP IOS Base, CPP IOS Flags, CPP IOS Format State, CPP IOS Precision, CPP IOS Width, CPP Iostream Synchronization, CPP IPC Mechanisms in [[CPP (Non-OS Generic)]], CPP ISO Standard Committee, CPP IsLiteralType Trait, CPP Iteration Statement, CPP Iterator Adapter, CPP Iterator Category, CPP Iterator Invalidation, CPP Iterator Traits, CPP JIT Compilation for [[CPP]], CPP Just-In-Time Debugging, CPP Key Function, CPP Keyword Recognition, CPP Koenig Lookup, CPP Label Declaration, CPP Lambda Capture, CPP Lambda Closure Type, CPP Lambda Expression, CPP Lambda Introducer, CPP Lambda Object, CPP Language Linkage, CPP Late Template Parsing, CPP Lexical Block, CPP LIFO Semantics, CPP Lifetime Extension of Temporaries, CPP Lifetime Profile, CPP Limit Macro, CPP Link Time Optimization, CPP Linker Script Interaction with [[CPP Symbols]], CPP Linker-Aided Optimization, CPP Linktime Polymorphism, CPP Literal Operator, CPP Literal Suffix, CPP Literal Type, CPP Local Class, CPP Local Static Variable, CPP Lock Guard, CPP Lock-Free Programming, CPP Logic And Operator, CPP Logic Not Operator, CPP Logic Or Operator, CPP Logical Conjunction, CPP Logical Disjunction, CPP Long Double Keyword, CPP Long Keyword, CPP Lookup Rule, CPP Loophole Casting, CPP Low-Level Memory Intrinsics, CPP Lvalue Reference, CPP Lvalue Transformation, CPP Machine Code Generation for [[CPP]], CPP Magic Statics, CPP Magnitude Type, CPP Main Function, CPP Make Shared, CPP Make Unique, CPP Mangling, CPP Map Container, CPP Masked Operation, CPP Maximum Munch Rule, CPP Memento Pattern in [[CPP]], CPP Member Access Operator, CPP Member Initializer List, CPP Member Template, CPP Member Variable Template, CPP Memory Fence, CPP Memory Model, CPP Memory Order, CPP Memory Resource, CPP Metaclasses Proposal, CPP Metaobject Facility, CPP Metaprogramming, CPP MinGW Toolchain, CPP Minimal Perfect Forwarding, CPP Modified UTF-8 Strings in [[CPP Context]], CPP Module Interface Unit, CPP Module Partition, CPP Module Purview, CPP Module Unit, CPP Module-Mapper, CPP Modules TS, CPP Move Assignment Operator, CPP Move Constructor, CPP Move Iterator, CPP Move Semantics, CPP MSVC Extensions, CPP Multiple Inheritance, CPP Multiway Merge, CPP Mutable Keyword, CPP Mutable Lambda, CPP Name Hiding, CPP Name Lookup, CPP Named Requirement, CPP Narrow Character Type, CPP Narrowing Conversion, CPP Namespace Alias, CPP Namespace Keyword, CPP Natvis Debug Visualization, CPP Nested Class, CPP Nested Exception, CPP Nested Lambda, CPP Nested Namespace, CPP Nested Template, CPP New Expression, CPP Nibble Access in Bitset, CPP No Except Keyword, CPP No Return Function, CPP No Unique Address Attribute, CPP Noop Mutex, CPP Normative Reference in Standard, CPP Not Keyword, CPP Not_Eq Keyword, CPP noexcept Operator, CPP Nothrow Guarantee, CPP Null Pointer Constant, CPP Nullptr Keyword, CPP Number Literal, CPP Numeric Limit, CPP ODR (One-Definition Rule), CPP ODR-Use, CPP Opaque Enum Declaration, CPP Open Multi-Methods in [[CPP (Visitor Pattern)]], CPP Operator Delete, CPP Operator Delete[], CPP Operator Function Id, CPP Operator New, CPP Operator New[], CPP Operator Overload, CPP Optional Class Template, CPP Order Statistics Tree (Extension), CPP Ordered Comparison, CPP Ordered Map, CPP Ordered Set, CPP Ordering Category, CPP Ostream Iterator, CPP Out Of Line Definition, CPP Out Parameter Style, CPP Out-Of-Class Member Definition, CPP Output Iterator, CPP Over Alignment Support, CPP Overload Resolution, CPP Overloaded Operator, CPP Overloaded Template, CPP Overriding Function, CPP Package Manager for [[CPP Libraries]], CPP Pair Class Template, CPP Panic Mode Recovery in Parser, CPP Parameter Pack, CPP Parameter Pack Expansion, CPP Parent Class, CPP Partial Ordering of Function Templates, CPP Partial Specialization, CPP Perfect Forwarding, CPP PH (Placeholders) In Templates, CPP Placement Delete, CPP Placement New, CPP Plain Old Data (POD) Type, CPP Pmr Allocator, CPP Pointer Arithmetic, CPP Pointer Decay, CPP Pointer Interconvertibility, CPP Pointer To Member, CPP Polymorphic Allocator, CPP Polymorphic Class, CPP Polymorphic Lambda, CPP Polymorphic Type, CPP Postfix Decrement Operator, CPP Postfix Increment Operator, CPP Precompiled Header, CPP Predefined Macro, CPP Prefix Decrement Operator, CPP Prefix Increment Operator, CPP Preprocessing Directive, CPP Private Base, CPP Private Inheritance, CPP Protected Inheritance, CPP Public Inheritance, CPP Pure Virtual Function, CPP Qualifier Adjustment, CPP Qualified Id, CPP Qualified Lookup, CPP Qualified Name Lookup, CPP Quick_Exit Function, CPP RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization), CPP Random Device, CPP Range Based For Loop, CPP Range Concept, CPP Range-V3 Library Integration, CPP Raw String Literal, CPP Realloc Function Avoidance, CPP Rebind Allocator, CPP Recursion Limit, CPP Redundant Move, CPP Reference Collapsing Rules, CPP Reference Parameter, CPP Reference Wrapper, CPP Reflexpr Keyword, CPP Register Keyword, CPP Regular Type Concept, CPP Reinterpret_Cast Keyword, CPP Relaxed Constraint, CPP Release Mode, CPP Requires Clause, CPP Requires Expression, CPP Requires Keyword, CPP Requirement Body, CPP Requirement Parameter, CPP Resource Leak Detection, CPP Resource Management, CPP Restricted Aliasing, CPP Return Keyword, CPP Return Type Deduction, CPP Reverse Iterator, CPP RIAA (Reverse RAII Approach, Hypothetical), CPP Ring Buffer, CPP RNG (Random Number Generator) Expanded As Random Number Generator, CPP Rule Of Five, CPP Rule Of Three, CPP Runtime Polymorphism, CPP Runtime Type Information, CPP Safe Bool Idiom, CPP Sampling Distribution Function, CPP Sanitizer, CPP Sargable Expression in [[CPP (Hypothetical Term)]], CPP Scalar Replacement of Aggregates, CPP Scenario Testing in [[CPP Unit Tests]], CPP Scope Guard Idiom, CPP Scope Resolution Operator, CPP Scoped Enumeration, CPP Scoped Lock, CPP Scoped Thread, CPP Secondary Template, CPP Segmentation Fault Handling, CPP Selection Statement, CPP Semaphore, CPP Sequence Container, CPP Shallow Copy, CPP Shared Future, CPP Shared Lock, CPP Shared Mutex, CPP Shared Pointer, CPP Short Circuit Evaluation, CPP Short Keyword, CPP Signed Integer Type, CPP Signature (Function), CPP Silent Conversion, CPP Simple Declaration, CPP Single Inheritance, CPP Single Module Unit, CPP Singleton Pattern in [[CPP]], CPP Sized Deallocation, CPP Sized Deallocation Function, CPP Slicing Problem, CPP Slice Array, CPP Smart Pointer, CPP Snowflake Operator (Hypothetical Term), CPP Software Transactional Memory Proposal, CPP Source Code Transformation, CPP Spacer Iterator (Hypothetical Term), CPP Special Member Function, CPP Specialization, CPP SFINAE (Substitution Failure Is Not An Error), CPP Shift Left Operator Overload, CPP Shift Right Operator Overload, CPP Short Lived Object Optimization, CPP Signed Char Type, CPP Signal Handler Invocation, CPP Signature of a Callable, CPP Silent Failure In Templates, CPP Sized Array To Pointer Decay, CPP Slice Iterator (Hypothetical Term), CPP Small Buffer Optimization, CPP Sort Algorithm, CPP Sorting Network Implementation, CPP Source Code Translation Unit, CPP Specialized Allocator, CPP Speculative Load, CPP Spin Lock Implementation, CPP Spurious Wakeup Prevention, CPP SSO (Small String Optimization), CPP Stable Partition, CPP Stack Allocation, CPP Standard Algorithm, CPP Standard Atomic, CPP Standard Backward Compatibility, CPP Standard Basic_String, CPP Standard Bitset, CPP Standard Byte Type, CPP Standard Charconv, CPP Standard Chrono, CPP Standard Codecvt, CPP Standard Compare, CPP Standard Concurrency Support, CPP Standard Condition_Variable, CPP Standard Container Adaptors, CPP Standard Container Erasure, CPP Standard Container Invalidation Rules, CPP Standard Deque, CPP Standard Duration, CPP Standard Dynamic Extent, CPP Standard Execution Policy, CPP Standard Filesystem, CPP Standard Fixed Size Array, CPP Standard Forward_List, CPP Standard Fstream, CPP Standard Function, CPP Standard Future, CPP Standard Hash, CPP Standard Iomanip, CPP Standard Ios, CPP Standard Iostream, CPP Standard Iostream Synchronization, CPP Standard Istream, CPP Standard Iterator, CPP Standard Layout Type, CPP Standard Library, CPP Standard List, CPP Standard Locale, CPP Standard Map, CPP Standard Memory, CPP Standard MultiMap, CPP Standard MultiSet, CPP Standard Mutex, CPP Standard Optional, CPP Standard Ostream, CPP Standard Pair, CPP Standard Priority_Queue, CPP Standard Promise, CPP Standard Queue, CPP Standard Random, CPP Standard Ratio, CPP Standard Raw Storage Iterator, CPP Standard Regex, CPP Standard Relaxed Iterator Concept, CPP Standard Scoped_Allocator_Adaptor, CPP Standard Set, CPP Standard Shared_Future, CPP Standard Shared_Ptr, CPP Standard Span, CPP Standard Stack, CPP Standard Streambuf, CPP Standard String, CPP Standard String_View, CPP Standard System_Error, CPP Standard Template Library (STL), CPP Standard Thread, CPP Standard Tuple, CPP Standard Type Erasure, CPP Standard Type Traits, CPP Standard Unique_Lock, CPP Standard Unique_Ptr, CPP Standard Unordered_Map, CPP Standard Unordered_Multimap, CPP Standard Unordered_Multiset, CPP Standard Unordered_Set, CPP Standard Utility, CPP Standard Valarray, CPP Standard Variant, CPP Standard Vector, CPP Static_assert Keyword, CPP Static Keyword, CPP Static Allocation, CPP Static Cast Keyword, CPP Static Data Member, CPP Static Storage Duration, CPP Storage Class Specifier, CPP Strict Aliasing Rule, CPP String Literal, CPP Stringification Macro, CPP Strong Exception Guarantee, CPP Structured Binding, CPP Subobject, CPP Substitution Failure, CPP Synchronized Pool Resource, CPP Synchronization Primitives, CPP Syntactic Category, CPP SzArray (Hypothetical Term), CPP Template Argument Deduction, CPP Template Class, CPP Template Constrained Function, CPP Template Friend, CPP Template Instantiation, CPP Template Metaprogramming, CPP Template Parameter, CPP Template Parameter Pack Expansion, CPP Template Partial Specialization, CPP Template Specialization, CPP Temporary Materialization, CPP Ternary Operator, CPP This Keyword, CPP Thread Local Keyword, CPP Thread Safe Initialization, CPP Three Way Comparison Operator, CPP Throw Expression, CPP Throw Keyword, CPP Token Concatenation, CPP Token Pasting Operator, CPP Traits Class, CPP Trampoline Function Technique, CPP Translation Unit, CPP Trigraph Sequence, CPP Trivial Class, CPP Trivial Type, CPP True Keyword, CPP Try Keyword, CPP TU (Translation Unit) Expanded As Translation Unit, CPP Type Alias, CPP Type Alias Template, CPP Type Deduction, CPP Type Erasure Idiom, CPP Type Id Expression, CPP Type Parameter Pack, CPP Type Promotion, CPP Type Safe Union, CPP Type Trait, CPP Type Transformation, CPP Type_Safe Enum Idiom, CPP Typename Keyword, CPP Underlying Type, CPP Unicode Literal, CPP Union Keyword, CPP Union Member, CPP Unique Address Optimization, CPP Uninitialized Fill, CPP Uninitialized Memory, CPP Uninitialized Value, CPP Universal Reference, CPP Unnamed Namespace, CPP Unordered Container, CPP Unreachable Code, CPP Unsigned Integer Type, CPP Utility Forward, CPP Value Category, CPP Value Initialization, CPP Variable Template, CPP Variadic Macro, CPP Variadic Template, CPP Vectorization Strategies, CPP Virtual Base Class, CPP Virtual Dispatch, CPP Virtual Function Table (VFT), CPP Virtual Function, CPP Virtual Inheritance, CPP Visible Entity, CPP Visibility Attribute, CPP Volatile Keyword, CPP Wchar_T Keyword, CPP Weak Symbol, CPP Wide Character Literal, CPP Wide String Literal, CPP Wide-Char Stream, CPP Widen Function, CPP Widening Conversion, CPP Working Draft of [[CPP Standard]], CPP Xor Keyword, CPP Xor_Eq Keyword, CPP Zero Initialization
C Plus Plus | C++: Effective CPP | Effective C++, C Plus Plus Best Practices | C++ Best Practices, CPP Core Guidelines (CG) by Bjarne Stroustrup and Herb Sutter | C++ Core Guidelines (CG) by Bjarne Stroustrup and Herb Sutter, C Plus Plus Fundamentals | C++ Fundamentals, C Plus Plus Inventor | C++ Inventor - C Plus Plus Language Designer | C++ Language Designer: Bjarne Stroustrup in 1985; C Plus Plus Keywords | C++ Keywords, CPP Built-In Data Types | C++ Built-In Data Types, C Plus Plus Data Structures | C++ Data Structures (CPP Containers) - C Plus Plus Algorithms | C++ Algorithms, C Plus Plus Syntax | C++ Syntax, C Plus Plus OOP | C++ OOP - C Plus Plus Design Patterns | C++ Design Patterns, Clean C Plus Plus | Clean C++ - C Plus Plus Style Guide | C++ Style Guide - C Plus Plus BDD | C++ BDD, C Plus Plus Standards | C++ Standards (C Plus Plus 23 | C++ 23, C Plus Plus 20 | C++ 20, C Plus Plus 17 | C++ 17, C Plus Plus 14 | C++ 14, C Plus Plus 11 | C++ 11, C Plus Plus 03 | C++ 03, C Plus Plus 98 | C++ 98), Bjarne Stroustrup's C Plus Plus Glossary | Bjarne Stroustrup's C++ Glossary - Glossaire de CCP - French, CppReference.com, CPlusPlus.com, ISOcpp.org, C Plus Plus Compilers | C++ Compilers (Compiler Explorer, MinGW), C Plus Plus IDEs | C++ IDEs, C Plus Plus Development Tools | C++ Development Tools, C Plus Plus Linter | C++ Linter, C Plus Plus Debugging | C++ Debugging, C Plus Plus Modules | C++ Modules (C Plus Plus 20 | C++20), C Plus Plus Packages | C++ Packages, C Plus Plus Package Manager | C++ Package Manager (Conan - the C/C Plus Plus Package Manager | Conan - the C/C++ Package Manager), C Plus Plus Standard Library | C++ Standard Library, C Plus Plus Libraries | C++ Libraries, C Plus Plus Frameworks | C++ Frameworks, C Plus Plus DevOps | C++ DevOps - C Plus Plus SRE | C++ SRE, C Plus Plus CI/CD | C++ CI/CD (C Plus Plus Build Pipeline | C++ Build Pipeline), C Plus Plus Data Science | C++ Data Science - C Plus Plus DataOps | C++ DataOps, C Plus Plus Machine Learning | C++ Machine Learning, C Plus Plus Deep Learning | C++ Deep Learning, Functional C Plus Plus | Functional C++, C Plus Plus Concurrency | C++ Concurrency, C Plus Plus History | C++ History, C Plus Plus Topics | C++ Topics, C Plus Plus Bibliography | C++ Bibliography, Manning CPP Series | Manning C++ Series, C Plus Plus Courses | C++ Courses, CppCon, C Plus Plus Research | C++ Research, C Plus Plus GitHub | C++ GitHub, Written in C Plus Plus | Written in C++, C Plus Plus Popularity | C++ Popularity, C Plus Plus Awesome | C++ Awesome, C Plus Plus Versions | C++ Versions. (navbar_cplusplus – see also navbar_cpp_containers, navbar_cppcon, navbar_cpp_core_guidelines, navbar_cpp23, navbar_cpp20, navbar_cpp17, navbar_cpp14, navbar_cpp11)
Cloud Monk is Retired ( for now). Buddha with you. © 2025 and Beginningless Time - Present Moment - Three Times: The Buddhas or Fair Use. Disclaimers
SYI LU SENG E MU CHYWE YE. NAN. WEI LA YE. WEI LA YE. SA WA HE.