Table of Contents
CPP17 - C++ 17
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CPP17 (introduced in the year 2017) represents another key milestone in the evolution of the CPP language (introduced in the year 1985). Building upon the foundations laid by previous standards like CPP11 (introduced in the year 2011) and CPP14 (introduced in the year 2014), CPP17 refines and enhances the language to improve developer productivity, performance, and overall code clarity.
One of the central themes of CPP17 is to reduce boilerplate and increase expressiveness. By introducing new language features and library components, the standard helps developers write more concise CPP code that is easier to maintain and understand. This emphasis on clarity supports large-scale projects at companies like Google (introduced in the year 1998), Microsoft (introduced in the year 1975), and Apple (introduced in the year 1976).
CPP17 expanded the CPP standard library (introduced in the year 1998) with useful utilities like optional, variant, and any. These new types enable developers to represent optional values, discriminated unions, and type-safe containers for single values of arbitrary types without resorting to custom solutions or third-party libraries.
The introduction of structured bindings in CPP17 allows developers to unpack values returned by CPP functions directly into named variables. This feature makes it easier to work with complex return types, such as tuples or pair objects, improving code readability and reducing the amount of tedious variable declarations.
CPP17 also standardized if constexpr, enabling compile-time conditional logic within CPP templates and other contexts that require static decision-making. This addition streamlines CPP metaprogramming by eliminating the need for specialized template tricks and reduces code complexity in scenarios where conditions must be evaluated at compile time.
Another major step forward in CPP17 is the guaranteed evaluation order of certain expressions. Previous standards left some aspects of evaluation order unspecified, making code behavior dependent on compiler choices. With CPP17 clarifying these rules, developers can rely on more predictable code, reducing subtle bugs and improving maintainability.
In terms of rvalue references and move semantics—features introduced in CPP11—CPP17 continues to refine and promote their usage. By embracing move semantics more naturally, the language encourages developers to write efficient code that avoids unnecessary copies. This approach is especially important in high-performance environments like Linux (introduced in the year 1991) servers, large-scale Windows (introduced in the year 1985) applications, or macOS (introduced in the year 2001) based development.
CPP17 also enhances compile-time computations, building upon the constexpr capabilities of previous standards. By allowing more constructs to be evaluated at compile time, the standard enables developers to write more efficient code that shifts computations from runtime to compile time, ultimately improving performance and resource usage.
The addition of the string_view type in CPP17 provides a lightweight, non-owning reference to a string. This avoids unnecessary copies, making string handling more efficient. In large codebases and performance-critical applications, the ability to pass around string data without redundant allocations can lead to significant gains.
GCC (introduced in the year 1987) and Clang (introduced in the year 2007), two widely used compilers, quickly implemented support for CPP17. By offering timely adoption of new features, these compilers helped developers experiment with and embrace the improved language capabilities soon after the standard’s release.
CPP17 also influenced how library and framework authors design their APIs. With more expressive language features, libraries can present clearer, safer, and more powerful interfaces. The result is a healthier CPP ecosystem where developers spend less time dealing with quirks and more time focusing on problem-solving.
The concept of folding expressions was introduced in CPP17 to simplify template programming. Folding expressions condense multiple arguments into a single expression using operators, reducing verbose template code and making it easier to write and maintain generic utilities that operate on parameter packs.
As DevOps (introduced in the year 2009) pipelines and continuous integration systems become more prevalent, the predictability and clarity of CPP17 code is invaluable. Automated build and test systems benefit from reduced complexity, helping organizations maintain stable codebases, deploy faster, and react more quickly to changing requirements.
CPP17 encourages a coding style that embraces modern idioms such as value semantics, move operations, and minimal overhead abstractions. By following this style, developers can achieve cleaner, more efficient code that stands the test of time, even as hardware advances and application domains evolve.
From financial trading platforms to medical imaging software, CPP17 supports industries that rely on CPP for its performance and low-level control. The language improvements allow these critical systems to be more maintainable, secure, and optimized without forcing developers to abandon familiar workflows.
The new standard also refines several corner cases in the language, reducing undefined behavior and ambiguous constructs. By doing so, CPP17 makes it easier for static analysis tools and linters to detect potential issues early, thus improving overall software quality and robustness.
Because CPP17 follows a long tradition of backward compatibility, developers can incrementally adopt new features. This approach reduces the risk of major disruptions when upgrading compilers or refactoring code, allowing organizations to evolve their codebases at their own pace.
The additional features of CPP17 help foster a more unified and coherent coding style across the CPP community. By offering standard solutions to common problems, the standard reduces fragmentation and encourages developers to converge on best practices that improve readability and collaboration.
CPP17 is not just about new features; it is also about removing deprecated or redundant functionality. By pruning outdated elements, the standard simplifies the language and ensures that future developers spend less time dealing with legacy features and more time leveraging modern constructs.
Learning CPP17 principles provides an educational advantage. Students and newcomers who start with CPP17 can bypass older, more cumbersome coding patterns and focus on writing expressive, efficient code from the outset, accelerating their path to mastery.
Tooling support is crucial for widespread adoption. As integrated development environments and build systems like CMake (introduced in the year 2000) and code hosting platforms like GitHub (introduced in the year 2008) incorporate CPP17 awareness, developers can seamlessly integrate the standard into their workflows.
CPP17 also aligns with industry trends such as microservices and cloud computing platforms like AWS (introduced in the year 2006) and Azure (introduced in the year 2010). The standard’s emphasis on clarity and efficiency is well-suited for building reliable back-end services deployed on containerized systems orchestrated by Kubernetes (introduced in the year 2014).
For library maintainers, supporting CPP17 means offering users a modern API that integrates well with the latest language features. Over time, this leads to cleaner library code, fewer maintenance headaches, and a better developer experience for users.
By facilitating more robust compile-time checks and optimizations, CPP17 helps prevent runtime errors and improve performance. This advantage is vital in domains like gaming, embedded systems, or scientific computing, where efficiency and correctness are paramount.
The influence of CPP17 extends into future standards. The lessons learned, patterns established, and community feedback collected during its adoption guide the evolution of subsequent standards like CPP20 (introduced in the year 2020) and beyond.
While CPP17 encourages a more functional and modern style, it still respects the language’s core principle of providing a range of paradigms. Developers can choose between procedural, object-oriented, or functional styles, mixing and matching as needed to produce optimal solutions.
Companies maintaining large, long-lived codebases benefit from CPP17’s improvements in maintainability and safety. By gradually introducing new features into legacy systems, they can reduce technical debt and enhance their code’s longevity without massive rewrites.
CPP17 also refines the interaction between templates and the type system. As a result, writing generic code that works seamlessly with various data types becomes more intuitive. This leads to more flexible libraries and frameworks that adapt to diverse applications.
The emphasis on making the language simpler, safer, and more powerful positions CPP17 as a foundation for teaching good software engineering principles. Developers trained under this standard are more likely to produce high-quality code and apply sound design strategies.
As new processors and architectures emerge, CPP17 helps leverage their features effectively. By enabling compilers to better understand the programmer’s intent, the standard ensures that generated machine code can exploit hardware capabilities for improved performance.
CPP17 encourages developers to think more carefully about object lifetimes and resource management. With types like unique_ptr and better integration of move semantics, it is easier to write code that manages resources correctly and avoids costly leaks or race conditions.
The improvements also extend to error handling and reporting. By making error states clearer and providing more expressive tools, CPP17 aids developers in writing more robust code that gracefully handles unexpected conditions.
With the release and adoption of CPP17, many open-source libraries and frameworks have been updated to take advantage of its features. This leads to a richer ecosystem where developers benefit from performance and safety enhancements without added complexity.
Organizations with a strong DevOps culture appreciate the reduced friction brought by CPP17 improvements. From faster builds to clearer code reviews, the standard helps align technical development with business objectives, leading to more predictable and rapid iteration cycles.
CPP17 encourages the use of modern testing and continuous integration tools that check for compliance with best practices. By integrating these tools into daily workflows, teams ensure that their code adheres to the standard’s principles, improving overall quality.
As developers gain experience with CPP17, they often discover that these improvements make their codebases more modular and testable. By encouraging patterns that isolate logic and data, the standard helps teams break down complex systems into manageable components.
Documentation and educational materials adapted to CPP17 highlight its improved clarity and conciseness. Newcomers can learn from examples that leverage the latest features, giving them a head start in crafting efficient and elegant CPP solutions.
In conclusion, CPP17 represents a balanced evolution of the language, merging new features with longstanding principles. By refining syntax, promoting best practices, and simplifying complex constructs, CPP17 ensures that the language remains a cornerstone of efficient, high-performance software development for years to come.
C++17, formally known as ISO/IEC 14882:2017, introduced a suite of features aimed at simplifying code, improving performance, and enhancing the type safety of C++ programs. This summary, presented in MediaWiki format, outlines the significant updates and improvements incorporated into C++17.
Structured Bindings
C++17 introduced structured bindings, allowing developers to unpack elements from tuples, pairs, and struct-like objects into separate named variables, simplifying code that works with tuple-based return types.
`if` and `switch` with Initializers
This feature allows an initializer to be included in `if` and `switch` statements, promoting more concise code by limiting the scope of variables used in conditions.
Inline Variables
C++17's inline variables facilitate the definition of variables in header files without leading to multiple definition errors, a boon for header-only libraries and shared constants.
`constexpr` Lambda Expressions
Expanding the contexts in which `constexpr` can be used, C++17 enables lambda expressions to be evaluated at compile time, enhancing the language's metaprogramming capabilities.
`std::optional`, `std::variant`, and `std::any`
These types introduce more expressive ways to handle optional, type-safe union, and type-erased values, respectively, making error handling and variant type management more straightforward.
Filesystem Library
The inclusion of the `<filesystem>` library provides a standard way to perform file and directory operations, addressing a long-standing gap in the standard library.
Parallel Algorithms
C++17 added support for parallel execution of standard algorithms, allowing for easy utilization of multi-core processors for improved performance.
`std::string_view`
`std::string_view` offers a lightweight, non-owning view into a string, enabling more efficient string handling without unnecessary copies.
`std::apply` and `std::invoke`
These functions facilitate calling a function or callable object with arguments supplied in a tuple or derived from different types, streamlining the invocation of callable objects.
Fold Expressions
Fold expressions simplify the writing of variadic template functions by enabling easy accumulation or combination of all arguments passed to a template.
`std::byte`
The introduction of `std::byte` provides a type-safe way of representing byte data, distinct from character types, emphasizing its use for raw memory access.
`[[nodiscard]]` and `[[maybe_unused]]` Attributes
These attributes allow developers to indicate that a function's return value should not be ignored and to suppress warnings for intentionally unused entities, improving code safety and cleanliness.
`std::clamp`
`std::clamp` offers a straightforward way to constrain a value within a specified range, enhancing the readability and simplicity of common boundary-checking operations.
Template Argument Deduction for Class Templates
This feature simplifies the use of templates by allowing the compiler to deduce the template arguments for constructors of class templates, reducing boilerplate code.
`std::shared_mutex`
`std::shared_mutex` and `std::shared_lock` introduce shared ownership locks, enabling more fine-grained control over read-write access in multithreaded applications.
`std::scoped_lock`
Replacing `std::lock_guard` with `std::scoped_lock` provides a more flexible way to handle multiple mutexes simultaneously, mitigating the risk of deadlock.
`std::variant` `std::visit`
Alongside `std::variant`, C++17 introduced `std::visit`, a mechanism to apply a visitor to a variant's currently held type, simplifying type-safe operations on variant types.
Guaranteed Copy Elision
C++17 specifies conditions under which the compiler must elide copies and moves of class objects, reducing unnecessary copying and moving, and potentially improving performance.
Removal of Trigraphs
The removal of trigraphs from C++17 eliminates a source of confusion and potential errors in code, streamlining the language's syntax.
Deprecated and Removed Features
C++17 deprecated and removed several features, such as `auto_ptr`, `register` keyword, and boolean ++ operator, to clean up the language and discourage unsafe or unclear practices.
Conclusion
C++17 represents a significant evolution of the C++ language, introducing features that enhance its usability, performance, and safety. By addressing both long-standing issues and adopting new programming paradigms, C++17 ensures the language's continued relevance and utility for modern software development.
For detailed information on C++17 features and technical specifications, the official ISO C++ website and the GitHub repository for the C++ Standards Committee's documents are invaluable resources. Unfortunately, direct links to these resources cannot be provided here, but they are readily accessible through official channels and repositories dedicated to the C++ standard.
This summary outlines the breadth of improvements and new features introduced in C++17, showcasing the standard's commitment to evolving in response to the needs of the programming community while maintaining backward compatibility and performance.
CPP ABI (Application Binary Interface), CPP ABO (Asymmetric Binary Operation) , CPP Abstract Base Class, CPP Access Specifier, CPP Accumulate Algorithm, CPP Adapter Class, CPP Adaptive Composite Pattern, CPP Address Sanitizer, CPP Aggregate Initialization, CPP Aggregation Relationship, CPP Alignment Requirement, CPP Aligned Allocation, CPP Aligned Deallocation, CPP Aligned Storage, CPP Alignment-Support Types, CPP Allocator Adaptor, CPP Allocator Requirement, CPP Allocator-Aware Container, CPP Allocator-Extended Constructor, CPP Allocator-Extended Move Constructor, CPP Allocator-Extended Swap, CPP Allocation Function, CPP Allowable Exception Specification, CPP ALPHA Conversion (Renaming of Bound Variables), CPP Alternative Token, CPP Analysis-Based Optimization, CPP And Keyword, CPP And_Eq Keyword, CPP Angle Bracket Inclusion, CPP Anonymous Namespace, CPP Anti-Unification, CPP API Bindings for [[CPP Libraries]], CPP Argument Dependent Lookup, CPP Argument Pack, CPP Argument Unpacking, CPP Array Decay, CPP Array New Expression, CPP Array-Bound Safe Function, CPP Array-To-Pointer Conversion, CPP Articulated Lvalues, CPP Artificial Dependency Injection, CPP Artificial Instantiation, CPP Assert Macro, CPP Assigned-To Null Pointer Check, CPP AST (Abstract Syntax Tree), CPP AsIf Rule, CPP ASM Keyword, CPP Associated Type, CPP Assumption Hints, CPP Asynchronous Exception, CPP Atomic Compare-And-Exchange Operation, CPP Atomic Constraint, CPP Atomic Flag, CPP Atomic Operations Library, CPP Atomic Relaxed Operation, CPP Atomic Release-Acquire Operation, CPP Atomic Signal Fence, CPP Atomic Strong Compare Exchange, CPP Atomic Weak Compare Exchange, CPP Attribute Namespace, CPP Attribute Syntax, CPP Audit Keyword, CPP Auto Keyword, CPP Automatic Storage Duration, CPP Awaitable Type, CPP Background Thread in [[CPP]], CPP Back-Inserter Iterator, CPP Back-Inserter Iterator Adapter, CPP Backtrace Support, CPP Balanced Binary Tree In [[CPP]], CPP Bandwidth Optimization in [[CPP]], CPP Base Class Subobject, CPP Basic Exception Guarantee, CPP Basic Guarantee, CPP Basic Iostream, CPP Basic IOS, CPP Basic Istream, CPP Basic Ostream, CPP Basic Streambuf, CPP Begin Iterator, CPP Bessel Functions, CPP Bidir Iterator Category, CPP Bidirectional Iterator, CPP Big-O Notation in [[CPP Context]], CPP Binary Compatibility, CPP Binary Literal, CPP Binary Search Algorithm, CPP Binary Tree Implementation Detail, CPP Binding Pattern, CPP Bit Mask Operation, CPP Bit Shift Operation, CPP Bitand Keyword, CPP Bitfield Implementation, CPP Bitor Keyword, CPP Bitset Class, CPP Bitwise Complement, CPP Bitwise Operator Overload, CPP Block Scope, CPP Blocking Function Call, CPP Blocking I/O in [[CPP]], CPP Boilerplate Code Generation, CPP Bool Keyword, CPP Boolean Literal, CPP Brace Initialization, CPP Braced-Init-List, CPP Break Keyword, CPP Bridge Pattern in [[CPP]], CPP Built-In Type, CPP Built-In Function, CPP Built-In Operator, CPP Bundled Header Units, CPP Byte-Wise Operations, CPP Call Once Function, CPP Call Operator, CPP Callable Object, CPP Candidate Function, CPP Capacity Member Function, CPP Capturing Lambda, CPP Case Keyword, CPP Casting Operator Overload, CPP CDECL Calling Convention, CPP CeePlusPlus Language Linkage, CPP Character Literal, CPP Char16_T Keyword, CPP Char32_T Keyword, CPP Char Keyword, CPP Checked Iterators, CPP Chi-Squared Distribution, CPP Circular Buffer Implementation, CPP Class Key, CPP Class Member, CPP Class Scope, CPP Class Template, CPP Class Template Argument Deduction, CPP Class-Scoped Enumeration, CPP Cleanup Function, CPP Client-Side Abstraction, CPP Clocale Header, CPP Close Function for Streams, CPP Code Bloat Minimization, CPP Code Gen Optimization, CPP Code Generation Rule, CPP Code Smell Detection, CPP CoAwait Keyword, CPP CoReturn Keyword, CPP CoYield Keyword, CPP Collateral Class Template Instantiation, CPP Common Reference, CPP Common Type, CPP Compact Exception Model, CPP Compilation Firewalls, CPP Compilation Unit, CPP Complete Object, CPP Complex Number Type, CPP Compound Assignment Operator, CPP Compound Literal, CPP Compound Requirement, CPP Concept Keyword, CPP Concept Map, CPP Concept Predicate, CPP Concrete Type, CPP Conditional Explicit, CPP Conditional Inference, CPP Conditional Operator, CPP Conditional Variable, CPP Conforming Implementation, CPP Conformed Specialization, CPP Conformance Level, CPP Conformance Test Suite, CPP Conjunction Concept, CPP Constant Expression, CPP Constant Initialization, CPP Constant Interval Bound, CPP Const Keyword, CPP Const Member Function, CPP Const Volatile Qualifier, CPP Const_Assert Macro, CPP Consteval Keyword, CPP Constexpr Keyword, CPP Constexpr Constructor, CPP Constexpr Function, CPP Constinit Keyword, CPP Constexpr If Statement, CPP Constraint Expression, CPP Constraint Satisfaction, CPP Constraint_Based Overload Resolution, CPP Constructor Delegation, CPP Constructor Inheritance, CPP Constructor Template, CPP Contextual Conversion, CPP Continue Keyword, CPP Contract Programming, CPP Contravariant Parameter Type, CPP Conversion Function, CPP Conversion Operator, CPP Conversion Sequence, CPP Copy Assignment Operator, CPP Copy Constructor, CPP Copy Ellision, CPP Core Constant Expressions, CPP Core Guidelines, CPP Coroutine Frame, CPP Coroutine Handle, CPP Coroutine State Machine, CPP Coroutine Suspension, CPP Count Algorithm, CPP Covariant Return Type, CPP CRTP (Curiously Recurring Template Pattern), CPP CTAD (Class Template Argument Deduction), CPP CUDA Extensions For [[CPP]], CPP Curly Brace Scope, CPP Custom Deleter in Smart Pointer, CPP Custom Exception, CPP Custom Literal Suffix, CPP Dangling Pointer Detection, CPP Dangling Reference, CPP Data Member Alignment, CPP Data Member Padding, CPP Data Race, CPP Data Segment, CPP Debug Macro, CPP Debug Symbol, CPP Decay Type, CPP Decltype Keyword, CPP Decomposition Declaration, CPP Deduction Guide, CPP Deep Copy, CPP Default Argument, CPP Default Capture, CPP Default Constructor, CPP Default Initialization, CPP Default Member Initializer, CPP Defaulted Function, CPP Defaulted Move Constructor, CPP Deleted Function, CPP Deleter Object, CPP Deletion Overload, CPP Demangled Name, CPP Dependent Base, CPP Dependent Name, CPP Dependent Scope, CPP Dependent Type, CPP Dependent Type Name, CPP Deprecated Attribute, CPP Design Pattern Application, CPP Designated Initializer, CPP Destructor, CPP Device Code in [[CPP Offloading]], CPP Diagnostic Message, CPP Digit Separator, CPP Direct Base Class, CPP Direct Initialization, CPP Directive, CPP Discard Block, CPP Discard Statement, CPP Disjunction Concept, CPP DLL Export, CPP DLL Import, CPP Do Keyword, CPP Do-While Loop, CPP Documented Behavior, CPP Dominance Analysis, CPP Double Keyword, CPP Downcast Operation, CPP Downward Closure, CPP DRY Principle in [[CPP]], CPP Dynamic Allocation, CPP Dynamic Cast Keyword, CPP Dynamic Exception Specification, CPP Dynamic Initialization, CPP Dynamic Linkage, CPP Dynamic Polymorphism, CPP Dynamic Type, CPP Eager Instantiation, CPP EBCDIC Support, CPP Effective Modern [[CPP Book Reference]], CPP Ellipsis Parameter, CPP Empty Base Optimization, CPP Empty Class, CPP Empty Parameter Pack, CPP Enable If Utility, CPP End Iterator, CPP End Of File State, CPP Endl Manipulator, CPP Enumeration Underlying Type, CPP Enumerator, CPP Enum Keyword, CPP Equality Operator, CPP Equivalence Relation, CPP Erased Type, CPP Error Handling Strategy, CPP Error State Indicator, CPP Exception Filter, CPP Exception Guarantee, CPP Exception Handling, CPP Exception Object, CPP Exception Safe Functions, CPP Exception Specification, CPP Exception Translation, CPP Execinfo Integration, CPP Execution Character Set, CPP Execution Policy, CPP Exhaustive Instantiation, CPP Explicit Conversion Operator, CPP Explicit Keyword, CPP Export Keyword, CPP Extern Keyword, CPP External Linkage, CPP External Template, CPP ExternC Linkage, CPP Face-Deletion Operator, CPP False Keyword, CPP Fast Floating-Point Mode, CPP Field Alignment, CPP File Scope, CPP Filebuf Class, CPP Filesystem Directory Iterator, CPP Filesystem Path, CPP Final Specifier, CPP Fixed-Size Array, CPP Fixed-Width Integer, CPP Floating Point Environment, CPP Floating Point Literal, CPP Fold Expression, CPP For Keyword, CPP For Range Loop, CPP Forward Declaration, CPP Forward Iterator, CPP Forward List, CPP Forwarding Reference, CPP Four-Phase Name Lookup, CPP Friend Class, CPP Friend Declaration, CPP Friend Function, CPP Front Insertion Operator, CPP Full Expression, CPP Full Specialization, CPP Function Adapter, CPP Function Call Operator, CPP Function-Like Macro, CPP Function Object, CPP Function Overload, CPP Function Parameter Pack, CPP Function Pointer, CPP Function Template, CPP Function Template Partial Specialization, CPP Function Template Specialization, CPP Garbage Collection Interface, CPP Gcc Extension For [[CPP]], CPP Generalized Constant Expression, CPP Generic Lambda, CPP Generic Programming, CPP Getline Function, CPP Global New Operator, CPP Global Namespace, CPP Global Object, CPP Global Variable, CPP GPU Offloading Support, CPP Greater Comparator, CPP Guaranteed Copy Elision, CPP Guarded Suspension, CPP Half-Open Interval in Iterators, CPP Handler Block, CPP Has Include Preprocessor, CPP Hash Function Object, CPP Heap Allocation, CPP Heuristic Inline, CPP Hidden Friend Idiom, CPP Hidden Implementation Detail, CPP Homogeneous Function Template, CPP Hook Function, CPP I/O Manipulator, CPP I/O State Flag, CPP I/O Stream Buffer, CPP I/O Stream Iterator, CPP If Constexpr, CPP If Keyword, CPP If-Else Chain, CPP Ill-Formed Program, CPP Immediate Function, CPP Implementation-Defined Behavior, CPP Implementation Limit, CPP Import Keyword, CPP Incremental Compilation, CPP Indeterminate Value, CPP Index Sequence, CPP Indirect Call Optimization, CPP Inheritance Chain, CPP Inherited Constructor, CPP Inline Assembly, CPP Inline Keyword, CPP Inline Namespace, CPP Inline Variable, CPP Input Iterator, CPP Integral Constant Expression, CPP Integral Promotion, CPP Integer Division, CPP Integer Literal, CPP Internal Linkage, CPP Intrinsic Function, CPP Invalid Pointer, CPP Invocation Operator, CPP IOS Base, CPP IOS Flags, CPP IOS Format State, CPP IOS Precision, CPP IOS Width, CPP Iostream Synchronization, CPP IPC Mechanisms in [[CPP (Non-OS Generic)]], CPP ISO Standard Committee, CPP IsLiteralType Trait, CPP Iteration Statement, CPP Iterator Adapter, CPP Iterator Category, CPP Iterator Invalidation, CPP Iterator Traits, CPP JIT Compilation for [[CPP]], CPP Just-In-Time Debugging, CPP Key Function, CPP Keyword Recognition, CPP Koenig Lookup, CPP Label Declaration, CPP Lambda Capture, CPP Lambda Closure Type, CPP Lambda Expression, CPP Lambda Introducer, CPP Lambda Object, CPP Language Linkage, CPP Late Template Parsing, CPP Lexical Block, CPP LIFO Semantics, CPP Lifetime Extension of Temporaries, CPP Lifetime Profile, CPP Limit Macro, CPP Link Time Optimization, CPP Linker Script Interaction with [[CPP Symbols]], CPP Linker-Aided Optimization, CPP Linktime Polymorphism, CPP Literal Operator, CPP Literal Suffix, CPP Literal Type, CPP Local Class, CPP Local Static Variable, CPP Lock Guard, CPP Lock-Free Programming, CPP Logic And Operator, CPP Logic Not Operator, CPP Logic Or Operator, CPP Logical Conjunction, CPP Logical Disjunction, CPP Long Double Keyword, CPP Long Keyword, CPP Lookup Rule, CPP Loophole Casting, CPP Low-Level Memory Intrinsics, CPP Lvalue Reference, CPP Lvalue Transformation, CPP Machine Code Generation for [[CPP]], CPP Magic Statics, CPP Magnitude Type, CPP Main Function, CPP Make Shared, CPP Make Unique, CPP Mangling, CPP Map Container, CPP Masked Operation, CPP Maximum Munch Rule, CPP Memento Pattern in [[CPP]], CPP Member Access Operator, CPP Member Initializer List, CPP Member Template, CPP Member Variable Template, CPP Memory Fence, CPP Memory Model, CPP Memory Order, CPP Memory Resource, CPP Metaclasses Proposal, CPP Metaobject Facility, CPP Metaprogramming, CPP MinGW Toolchain, CPP Minimal Perfect Forwarding, CPP Modified UTF-8 Strings in [[CPP Context]], CPP Module Interface Unit, CPP Module Partition, CPP Module Purview, CPP Module Unit, CPP Module-Mapper, CPP Modules TS, CPP Move Assignment Operator, CPP Move Constructor, CPP Move Iterator, CPP Move Semantics, CPP MSVC Extensions, CPP Multiple Inheritance, CPP Multiway Merge, CPP Mutable Keyword, CPP Mutable Lambda, CPP Name Hiding, CPP Name Lookup, CPP Named Requirement, CPP Narrow Character Type, CPP Narrowing Conversion, CPP Namespace Alias, CPP Namespace Keyword, CPP Natvis Debug Visualization, CPP Nested Class, CPP Nested Exception, CPP Nested Lambda, CPP Nested Namespace, CPP Nested Template, CPP New Expression, CPP Nibble Access in Bitset, CPP No Except Keyword, CPP No Return Function, CPP No Unique Address Attribute, CPP Noop Mutex, CPP Normative Reference in Standard, CPP Not Keyword, CPP Not_Eq Keyword, CPP noexcept Operator, CPP Nothrow Guarantee, CPP Null Pointer Constant, CPP Nullptr Keyword, CPP Number Literal, CPP Numeric Limit, CPP ODR (One-Definition Rule), CPP ODR-Use, CPP Opaque Enum Declaration, CPP Open Multi-Methods in [[CPP (Visitor Pattern)]], CPP Operator Delete, CPP Operator Delete[], CPP Operator Function Id, CPP Operator New, CPP Operator New[], CPP Operator Overload, CPP Optional Class Template, CPP Order Statistics Tree (Extension), CPP Ordered Comparison, CPP Ordered Map, CPP Ordered Set, CPP Ordering Category, CPP Ostream Iterator, CPP Out Of Line Definition, CPP Out Parameter Style, CPP Out-Of-Class Member Definition, CPP Output Iterator, CPP Over Alignment Support, CPP Overload Resolution, CPP Overloaded Operator, CPP Overloaded Template, CPP Overriding Function, CPP Package Manager for [[CPP Libraries]], CPP Pair Class Template, CPP Panic Mode Recovery in Parser, CPP Parameter Pack, CPP Parameter Pack Expansion, CPP Parent Class, CPP Partial Ordering of Function Templates, CPP Partial Specialization, CPP Perfect Forwarding, CPP PH (Placeholders) In Templates, CPP Placement Delete, CPP Placement New, CPP Plain Old Data (POD) Type, CPP Pmr Allocator, CPP Pointer Arithmetic, CPP Pointer Decay, CPP Pointer Interconvertibility, CPP Pointer To Member, CPP Polymorphic Allocator, CPP Polymorphic Class, CPP Polymorphic Lambda, CPP Polymorphic Type, CPP Postfix Decrement Operator, CPP Postfix Increment Operator, CPP Precompiled Header, CPP Predefined Macro, CPP Prefix Decrement Operator, CPP Prefix Increment Operator, CPP Preprocessing Directive, CPP Private Base, CPP Private Inheritance, CPP Protected Inheritance, CPP Public Inheritance, CPP Pure Virtual Function, CPP Qualifier Adjustment, CPP Qualified Id, CPP Qualified Lookup, CPP Qualified Name Lookup, CPP Quick_Exit Function, CPP RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization), CPP Random Device, CPP Range Based For Loop, CPP Range Concept, CPP Range-V3 Library Integration, CPP Raw String Literal, CPP Realloc Function Avoidance, CPP Rebind Allocator, CPP Recursion Limit, CPP Redundant Move, CPP Reference Collapsing Rules, CPP Reference Parameter, CPP Reference Wrapper, CPP Reflexpr Keyword, CPP Register Keyword, CPP Regular Type Concept, CPP Reinterpret_Cast Keyword, CPP Relaxed Constraint, CPP Release Mode, CPP Requires Clause, CPP Requires Expression, CPP Requires Keyword, CPP Requirement Body, CPP Requirement Parameter, CPP Resource Leak Detection, CPP Resource Management, CPP Restricted Aliasing, CPP Return Keyword, CPP Return Type Deduction, CPP Reverse Iterator, CPP RIAA (Reverse RAII Approach, Hypothetical), CPP Ring Buffer, CPP RNG (Random Number Generator) Expanded As Random Number Generator, CPP Rule Of Five, CPP Rule Of Three, CPP Runtime Polymorphism, CPP Runtime Type Information, CPP Safe Bool Idiom, CPP Sampling Distribution Function, CPP Sanitizer, CPP Sargable Expression in [[CPP (Hypothetical Term)]], CPP Scalar Replacement of Aggregates, CPP Scenario Testing in [[CPP Unit Tests]], CPP Scope Guard Idiom, CPP Scope Resolution Operator, CPP Scoped Enumeration, CPP Scoped Lock, CPP Scoped Thread, CPP Secondary Template, CPP Segmentation Fault Handling, CPP Selection Statement, CPP Semaphore, CPP Sequence Container, CPP Shallow Copy, CPP Shared Future, CPP Shared Lock, CPP Shared Mutex, CPP Shared Pointer, CPP Short Circuit Evaluation, CPP Short Keyword, CPP Signed Integer Type, CPP Signature (Function), CPP Silent Conversion, CPP Simple Declaration, CPP Single Inheritance, CPP Single Module Unit, CPP Singleton Pattern in [[CPP]], CPP Sized Deallocation, CPP Sized Deallocation Function, CPP Slicing Problem, CPP Slice Array, CPP Smart Pointer, CPP Snowflake Operator (Hypothetical Term), CPP Software Transactional Memory Proposal, CPP Source Code Transformation, CPP Spacer Iterator (Hypothetical Term), CPP Special Member Function, CPP Specialization, CPP SFINAE (Substitution Failure Is Not An Error), CPP Shift Left Operator Overload, CPP Shift Right Operator Overload, CPP Short Lived Object Optimization, CPP Signed Char Type, CPP Signal Handler Invocation, CPP Signature of a Callable, CPP Silent Failure In Templates, CPP Sized Array To Pointer Decay, CPP Slice Iterator (Hypothetical Term), CPP Small Buffer Optimization, CPP Sort Algorithm, CPP Sorting Network Implementation, CPP Source Code Translation Unit, CPP Specialized Allocator, CPP Speculative Load, CPP Spin Lock Implementation, CPP Spurious Wakeup Prevention, CPP SSO (Small String Optimization), CPP Stable Partition, CPP Stack Allocation, CPP Standard Algorithm, CPP Standard Atomic, CPP Standard Backward Compatibility, CPP Standard Basic_String, CPP Standard Bitset, CPP Standard Byte Type, CPP Standard Charconv, CPP Standard Chrono, CPP Standard Codecvt, CPP Standard Compare, CPP Standard Concurrency Support, CPP Standard Condition_Variable, CPP Standard Container Adaptors, CPP Standard Container Erasure, CPP Standard Container Invalidation Rules, CPP Standard Deque, CPP Standard Duration, CPP Standard Dynamic Extent, CPP Standard Execution Policy, CPP Standard Filesystem, CPP Standard Fixed Size Array, CPP Standard Forward_List, CPP Standard Fstream, CPP Standard Function, CPP Standard Future, CPP Standard Hash, CPP Standard Iomanip, CPP Standard Ios, CPP Standard Iostream, CPP Standard Iostream Synchronization, CPP Standard Istream, CPP Standard Iterator, CPP Standard Layout Type, CPP Standard Library, CPP Standard List, CPP Standard Locale, CPP Standard Map, CPP Standard Memory, CPP Standard MultiMap, CPP Standard MultiSet, CPP Standard Mutex, CPP Standard Optional, CPP Standard Ostream, CPP Standard Pair, CPP Standard Priority_Queue, CPP Standard Promise, CPP Standard Queue, CPP Standard Random, CPP Standard Ratio, CPP Standard Raw Storage Iterator, CPP Standard Regex, CPP Standard Relaxed Iterator Concept, CPP Standard Scoped_Allocator_Adaptor, CPP Standard Set, CPP Standard Shared_Future, CPP Standard Shared_Ptr, CPP Standard Span, CPP Standard Stack, CPP Standard Streambuf, CPP Standard String, CPP Standard String_View, CPP Standard System_Error, CPP Standard Template Library (STL), CPP Standard Thread, CPP Standard Tuple, CPP Standard Type Erasure, CPP Standard Type Traits, CPP Standard Unique_Lock, CPP Standard Unique_Ptr, CPP Standard Unordered_Map, CPP Standard Unordered_Multimap, CPP Standard Unordered_Multiset, CPP Standard Unordered_Set, CPP Standard Utility, CPP Standard Valarray, CPP Standard Variant, CPP Standard Vector, CPP Static_assert Keyword, CPP Static Keyword, CPP Static Allocation, CPP Static Cast Keyword, CPP Static Data Member, CPP Static Storage Duration, CPP Storage Class Specifier, CPP Strict Aliasing Rule, CPP String Literal, CPP Stringification Macro, CPP Strong Exception Guarantee, CPP Structured Binding, CPP Subobject, CPP Substitution Failure, CPP Synchronized Pool Resource, CPP Synchronization Primitives, CPP Syntactic Category, CPP SzArray (Hypothetical Term), CPP Template Argument Deduction, CPP Template Class, CPP Template Constrained Function, CPP Template Friend, CPP Template Instantiation, CPP Template Metaprogramming, CPP Template Parameter, CPP Template Parameter Pack Expansion, CPP Template Partial Specialization, CPP Template Specialization, CPP Temporary Materialization, CPP Ternary Operator, CPP This Keyword, CPP Thread Local Keyword, CPP Thread Safe Initialization, CPP Three Way Comparison Operator, CPP Throw Expression, CPP Throw Keyword, CPP Token Concatenation, CPP Token Pasting Operator, CPP Traits Class, CPP Trampoline Function Technique, CPP Translation Unit, CPP Trigraph Sequence, CPP Trivial Class, CPP Trivial Type, CPP True Keyword, CPP Try Keyword, CPP TU (Translation Unit) Expanded As Translation Unit, CPP Type Alias, CPP Type Alias Template, CPP Type Deduction, CPP Type Erasure Idiom, CPP Type Id Expression, CPP Type Parameter Pack, CPP Type Promotion, CPP Type Safe Union, CPP Type Trait, CPP Type Transformation, CPP Type_Safe Enum Idiom, CPP Typename Keyword, CPP Underlying Type, CPP Unicode Literal, CPP Union Keyword, CPP Union Member, CPP Unique Address Optimization, CPP Uninitialized Fill, CPP Uninitialized Memory, CPP Uninitialized Value, CPP Universal Reference, CPP Unnamed Namespace, CPP Unordered Container, CPP Unreachable Code, CPP Unsigned Integer Type, CPP Utility Forward, CPP Value Category, CPP Value Initialization, CPP Variable Template, CPP Variadic Macro, CPP Variadic Template, CPP Vectorization Strategies, CPP Virtual Base Class, CPP Virtual Dispatch, CPP Virtual Function Table (VFT), CPP Virtual Function, CPP Virtual Inheritance, CPP Visible Entity, CPP Visibility Attribute, CPP Volatile Keyword, CPP Wchar_T Keyword, CPP Weak Symbol, CPP Wide Character Literal, CPP Wide String Literal, CPP Wide-Char Stream, CPP Widen Function, CPP Widening Conversion, CPP Working Draft of [[CPP Standard]], CPP Xor Keyword, CPP Xor_Eq Keyword, CPP Zero Initialization
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