Table of Contents
CPP14 - C++ 14
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Evolution from Previous Standards
CPP14 (introduced in the year 2014) represents an incremental yet significant evolution of the CPP language (introduced in the year 1985), building on the robust changes introduced in CPP11 (introduced in the year 2011). By refining and clarifying features, CPP14 enhances language usability, performance, and developer productivity.
Incremental Improvements
Compared to the groundbreaking shifts in CPP11, CPP14 focuses on incremental improvements rather than introducing dramatic new paradigms. This approach ensures a smooth transition for developers who embraced modern CPP techniques, while providing additional tools to write more concise and maintainable CPP code.
Lambda Expressions Refined
One of the highlights of CPP14 is the refinement of lambda expressions. Developers can now use generic lambdas and parameter packs, allowing a single lambda expression to handle multiple argument types. This feature streamlines the usage of lambdas in template-heavy codebases, reducing verbosity and complexity.
Return Type Deduction for Lambdas
CPP14 introduces the ability to deduce the return type of a lambda expression automatically. Previously, developers had to specify return types explicitly in certain scenarios. With this change, CPP functions defined as lambdas become shorter and more intuitive, without sacrificing clarity or performance.
Relaxation of constexpr Restrictions
CPP14 expands the capabilities of constexpr computations, allowing more operations within constexpr CPP functions and more complex expressions to be evaluated at compile time. This leads to more efficient and reliable code, as certain computations never occur at runtime, improving overall application performance.
Variable Templates
CPP14 introduces variable templates, a feature that allows developers to define templates for variables as well as for CPP functions and CPP classes. This leads to cleaner code when working with constants, as developers can define a single template for multiple types, reducing redundancy and improving readability.
Binary Literals
With CPP14, binary literals join the existing support for decimal, octal, and hexadecimal representations. By writing numeric values directly in binary form, developers can more easily understand bit patterns. This feature is especially valuable in low-level programming tasks, such as embedded systems or hardware interfaces.
Digit Separators
CPP14 also introduces digit separators, enabling the use of the apostrophe character to separate digits in numeric literals. This simple yet effective enhancement improves the readability of large numbers, making it easier for developers to avoid mistakes when dealing with financial data, memory addresses, or large constants.
std::make_unique
CPP14 adds make_unique to the CPP standard library (introduced in the year 1998), complementing make_shared. This factory function simplifies the creation of unique_ptr objects, encouraging safer memory management practices and reducing the risk of resource leaks in modern CPP applications.
Shared Foundation with Modern CPP
By adhering to the principles of modern CPP, CPP14 reinforces the safer, more expressive coding style introduced in CPP11. Developers can continue to leverage rvalue references, move semantics, and auto type deduction while enjoying the additional conveniences offered by CPP14.
Compiler Support
Key compilers like GCC (introduced in the year 1987) and Clang (introduced in the year 2007) quickly adopted CPP14 features, ensuring widespread availability. This rapid support made it easier for developers to upgrade their toolchains and start taking advantage of the improved language capabilities without delay.
Influence on Library Authors
With more powerful features at their disposal, library authors can design cleaner and more expressive APIs. CPP14 encourages libraries to provide simpler abstractions and more generic solutions, ultimately enriching the overall CPP ecosystem with better, more reliable components.
Integration with Modern Workflows
CPP14 aligns well with contemporary development workflows, including agile methodologies, code reviews, and continuous integration in DevOps (introduced in the year 2009) pipelines. Its readability improvements and safer constructs support faster iteration, clearer communication, and easier adaptation to changing project requirements.
Enhanced Generic Programming
Generic programming, already strengthened by CPP11, sees further refinements in CPP14. Enhanced template mechanisms and the removal of certain syntactic hurdles allow template-heavy code to be less error-prone, more maintainable, and easier to understand.
Support in Popular Libraries
Many popular libraries and frameworks have embraced CPP14 features. By adopting the new standard, libraries can simplify their internals, reduce code complexity, and provide more elegant interfaces, resulting in improved end-user productivity and better code quality.
Performance Considerations
While not a performance-focused release, CPP14 ensures that developers do not need to compromise efficiency for convenience. The refinements introduced keep inline expansions, compile-time computations, and memory management patterns as efficient as ever, ensuring that modern CPP code maintains its reputation for high performance.
Backward Compatibility
CPP14 continues the CPP tradition of backward compatibility, allowing legacy code written for older standards like CPP98 (introduced in the year 1998) or CPP11 to coexist with code leveraging new features. This smooth compatibility ensures organizations can evolve their codebases gradually without risky large-scale refactoring.
Educational Perspective
By starting with CPP14 as a baseline, newcomers to the language learn modern best practices and idioms from the outset. This jumpstarts their journey toward writing safer, more expressive code and reduces the need to unlearn outdated patterns.
Better Tooling
Tooling, including integrated development environments and build systems like CMake (introduced in the year 2000), integrates smoothly with CPP14. These tools understand new language constructs, improving refactoring, linting, and auto-completion, and making developers more productive.
Targeting Diverse Platforms
CPP14 is well-suited for code running on various platforms, from embedded devices to large-scale servers deployed on Linux (introduced in the year 1991), Windows (introduced in the year 1985), or macOS (introduced in the year 2001). Its features help developers write robust, portable code for a wide range of environments.
Alignment with Industry Trends
As containerization and microservices gained traction in cloud platforms like AWS (introduced in the year 2006) and Azure (introduced in the year 2010), as well as orchestration systems like Kubernetes (introduced in the year 2014), CPP14 provided a stable base for building scalable and efficient back-end services.
Boosting Developer Confidence
With clearer language rules and more expressive features, CPP14 enhances developer confidence. Teams can adopt the new standard knowing it will make their code safer and easier to maintain without introducing too many unfamiliar concepts at once.
Reduced Boilerplate
CPP14 helps trim boilerplate code. Improved type inference, simplified lambda syntax, and better template handling mean that developers spend less time wrestling with verbose constructs and more time focusing on problem-solving and innovation.
Incremental Adoption
Teams already invested in CPP11 can adopt CPP14 features incrementally. Because the changes are evolutionary rather than revolutionary, developers can gradually incorporate new features into existing codebases without overwhelming their processes.
Reassurance for Long-Term Projects
Long-lived codebases benefit from the stability and incremental improvements of CPP14. Project stakeholders can rely on the language’s steady evolution, knowing that future standards like CPP17 (introduced in the year 2017) and CPP20 (introduced in the year 2020) build on these foundations rather than replacing them abruptly.
Encouraging Modern Idioms
The improvements in CPP14 reinforce the use of modern idioms that emphasize resource safety, clarity, and maintainability. By guiding developers toward these idioms, the standard helps ensure that new code is more likely to stand the test of time.
Refining the Standard Library
In addition to new utilities, CPP14 refines existing CPP standard library components. Subtle changes improve overall consistency, leading to code that is more uniform and easier to reason about.
Support from the ISO Committee
The ISO (introduced in the year 1947) committee carefully considered developer feedback and implementation experience when shaping CPP14. This ensures the standard addresses real-world concerns rather than merely introducing theoretical concepts.
Better Communication through Code
As developers adopt CPP14 features, codebases start to communicate intent more directly. Less clutter and fewer workarounds mean that code can act as documentation, making team collaboration smoother and reducing reliance on external explanations.
Safe and Efficient Memory Management
CPP14 continues to steer developers towards memory-safe constructs like unique_ptr and encourages patterns that avoid memory leaks. With these improvements, teams can write more complex applications while maintaining strong memory safety guarantees.
Influence on Future Standards
The success of CPP14 in refining and polishing language features laid important groundwork for future standards. The lessons learned have influenced decisions in subsequent releases, guiding the steady progress of the language.
Metaprogramming Simplifications
CPP14 simplifies certain aspects of template metaprogramming, removing some friction points encountered by library authors. This encourages more libraries to adopt template techniques without overly complicating their code.
Developer Satisfaction
By reducing syntax overhead and clarifying rules, CPP14 fosters a positive developer experience. When code feels more natural to write and maintain, developers are more productive, engaged, and willing to embrace the language’s advanced features.
Rapid Adoption
With compilers supporting CPP14 features soon after the standard’s introduction, organizations faced minimal barriers to adoption. This swift implementation helped companies update their policies and guidelines to standardize on the new features rapidly.
Smooth Transition to the Future
As projects mature, adopting CPP14 sets the stage for eventually moving to newer standards. Teams that embrace CPP14 find it easier to progress toward CPP17 and beyond, ensuring their code remains modern and aligned with evolving industry practices.
Educational Materials
Updated books, courses, and tutorials quickly incorporated CPP14 features, helping spread best practices throughout the developer community. This proliferation of educational resources allowed newcomers to learn modern CPP coding styles more effectively.
Community-Driven Evolution
The enhancements in CPP14 reflect feedback from the developer community, compiler vendors, and library authors. By prioritizing practical improvements, the standard ensures that the language evolves in a direction that serves the community’s needs.
Foundation for Modern Development
In the years since its introduction, CPP14 has proven to be a stable and reliable foundation for modern development. Projects leveraging its features benefit from improved code clarity, maintainability, and safety, ensuring continued relevance in an ever-changing technological landscape.
C++14, an update to the C++11 standard, aimed at improving the language's usability, performance, and consistency. While it was not as large an update as C++11, C++14 included several important improvements and new features. This summary, presented in MediaWiki format, outlines the key enhancements introduced in C++14.
Binary Literals
C++14 introduced binary literals, allowing developers to define integers in binary format directly, improving code readability for cases involving bit manipulation.
Generic Lambdas
Generic lambdas in C++14 made it possible to write lambda expressions that can deduce their argument types automatically, enhancing the flexibility and expressiveness of lambda expressions.
Return Type Deduction
This feature allows functions to deduce their return type based on the type of expression returned, simplifying template coding by eliminating the need for specifying the return type explicitly.
Deprecated Attributes
C++14 introduced a standardized way to mark elements of the code as deprecated, providing a mechanism to warn about features that are not recommended for use anymore.
Variable Templates
Variable templates extend the concept of templates to variables, enabling the definition of templated constants and simplifying the use of templated data.
Digit Separators
With digit separators, C++14 improved the readability of numeric literals by allowing single quotation marks as digit separators in numeric literals.
Relaxed Constexpr Restrictions
The restrictions on `constexpr` functions were relaxed, allowing them to use a wider range of statements and thus making `constexpr` more powerful and flexible.
`std::make_unique`
C++14 added `std::make_unique` to the standard library, providing a safer and more concise way to create `unique_ptr` instances compared to manual new/delete management.
Sized Deallocation
This feature introduced the ability to write custom deallocation functions that are aware of the size of the objects being deleted, potentially improving memory management efficiency.
Deprecated `auto_ptr`
`auto_ptr` was deprecated in C++14 in favor of the safer and more versatile `unique_ptr`, signaling the end of `auto_ptr`'s use in modern C++ code.
Member Function `const`-Qualifiers
C++14 allowed member functions to be overloaded on the basis of `const`-ness of the `this` pointer, enhancing the expressiveness of class interfaces.
Aggregate Member Initialization
C++14 permitted aggregates (like structs) to initialize their members directly, simplifying the syntax for initializing complex structures.
Dynamic Memory Allocation Hints
Enhancements to dynamic memory allocation included support for allocator traits and hints for memory allocation, providing more control over memory usage patterns.
Standard User-Defined Literals
The standard library in C++14 was expanded to include support for user-defined literals for standard types, allowing for more intuitive and readable type conversions.
`[[deprecated]]` Attribute
The `deprecated` attribute introduced a standardized way to indicate that a function, type, or variable is deprecated and should not be used in new code.
Extended `constexpr` Support
C++14 extended the capabilities of `constexpr`, allowing it to be used in more contexts and making compile-time computation more versatile.
Lambda Capture Expressions
Improvements to lambda capture expressions in C++14 included the ability to capture member variables and `*this` by value, increasing the flexibility of lambdas.
Standard Library Enhancements
The C++14 standard library saw numerous enhancements, including new algorithms, improvements to existing container classes, and extensions to the `<chrono>` library.
Compiler Support
C++14 received wide support from major compilers, including GCC, Clang, and MSVC, shortly after its release, demonstrating the industry's commitment to keeping up with the C++ standards.
Conclusion
C++14 was a significant step forward in the evolution of C++, focusing on making the language more user-friendly, flexible, and efficient. While it introduced fewer features than C++11, the enhancements in C++14 were crucial for streamlining C++ development and improving code quality.
For more detailed information on C++14 features and technical specifications, the official ISO C++ website and the GitHub repository for the C++ Standards Committee's documents are invaluable resources. Unfortunately, direct links to these resources cannot be provided here, but they are readily accessible through official channels and repositories dedicated to the C++ standard.
This summary provides an overview of the breadth of improvements and new features introduced in C++14, showcasing the standard's commitment to evolving in response to the needs of the programming community while maintaining backward compatibility and performance.
CPP ABI (Application Binary Interface), CPP ABO (Asymmetric Binary Operation) , CPP Abstract Base Class, CPP Access Specifier, CPP Accumulate Algorithm, CPP Adapter Class, CPP Adaptive Composite Pattern, CPP Address Sanitizer, CPP Aggregate Initialization, CPP Aggregation Relationship, CPP Alignment Requirement, CPP Aligned Allocation, CPP Aligned Deallocation, CPP Aligned Storage, CPP Alignment-Support Types, CPP Allocator Adaptor, CPP Allocator Requirement, CPP Allocator-Aware Container, CPP Allocator-Extended Constructor, CPP Allocator-Extended Move Constructor, CPP Allocator-Extended Swap, CPP Allocation Function, CPP Allowable Exception Specification, CPP ALPHA Conversion (Renaming of Bound Variables), CPP Alternative Token, CPP Analysis-Based Optimization, CPP And Keyword, CPP And_Eq Keyword, CPP Angle Bracket Inclusion, CPP Anonymous Namespace, CPP Anti-Unification, CPP API Bindings for [[CPP Libraries]], CPP Argument Dependent Lookup, CPP Argument Pack, CPP Argument Unpacking, CPP Array Decay, CPP Array New Expression, CPP Array-Bound Safe Function, CPP Array-To-Pointer Conversion, CPP Articulated Lvalues, CPP Artificial Dependency Injection, CPP Artificial Instantiation, CPP Assert Macro, CPP Assigned-To Null Pointer Check, CPP AST (Abstract Syntax Tree), CPP AsIf Rule, CPP ASM Keyword, CPP Associated Type, CPP Assumption Hints, CPP Asynchronous Exception, CPP Atomic Compare-And-Exchange Operation, CPP Atomic Constraint, CPP Atomic Flag, CPP Atomic Operations Library, CPP Atomic Relaxed Operation, CPP Atomic Release-Acquire Operation, CPP Atomic Signal Fence, CPP Atomic Strong Compare Exchange, CPP Atomic Weak Compare Exchange, CPP Attribute Namespace, CPP Attribute Syntax, CPP Audit Keyword, CPP Auto Keyword, CPP Automatic Storage Duration, CPP Awaitable Type, CPP Background Thread in [[CPP]], CPP Back-Inserter Iterator, CPP Back-Inserter Iterator Adapter, CPP Backtrace Support, CPP Balanced Binary Tree In [[CPP]], CPP Bandwidth Optimization in [[CPP]], CPP Base Class Subobject, CPP Basic Exception Guarantee, CPP Basic Guarantee, CPP Basic Iostream, CPP Basic IOS, CPP Basic Istream, CPP Basic Ostream, CPP Basic Streambuf, CPP Begin Iterator, CPP Bessel Functions, CPP Bidir Iterator Category, CPP Bidirectional Iterator, CPP Big-O Notation in [[CPP Context]], CPP Binary Compatibility, CPP Binary Literal, CPP Binary Search Algorithm, CPP Binary Tree Implementation Detail, CPP Binding Pattern, CPP Bit Mask Operation, CPP Bit Shift Operation, CPP Bitand Keyword, CPP Bitfield Implementation, CPP Bitor Keyword, CPP Bitset Class, CPP Bitwise Complement, CPP Bitwise Operator Overload, CPP Block Scope, CPP Blocking Function Call, CPP Blocking I/O in [[CPP]], CPP Boilerplate Code Generation, CPP Bool Keyword, CPP Boolean Literal, CPP Brace Initialization, CPP Braced-Init-List, CPP Break Keyword, CPP Bridge Pattern in [[CPP]], CPP Built-In Type, CPP Built-In Function, CPP Built-In Operator, CPP Bundled Header Units, CPP Byte-Wise Operations, CPP Call Once Function, CPP Call Operator, CPP Callable Object, CPP Candidate Function, CPP Capacity Member Function, CPP Capturing Lambda, CPP Case Keyword, CPP Casting Operator Overload, CPP CDECL Calling Convention, CPP CeePlusPlus Language Linkage, CPP Character Literal, CPP Char16_T Keyword, CPP Char32_T Keyword, CPP Char Keyword, CPP Checked Iterators, CPP Chi-Squared Distribution, CPP Circular Buffer Implementation, CPP Class Key, CPP Class Member, CPP Class Scope, CPP Class Template, CPP Class Template Argument Deduction, CPP Class-Scoped Enumeration, CPP Cleanup Function, CPP Client-Side Abstraction, CPP Clocale Header, CPP Close Function for Streams, CPP Code Bloat Minimization, CPP Code Gen Optimization, CPP Code Generation Rule, CPP Code Smell Detection, CPP CoAwait Keyword, CPP CoReturn Keyword, CPP CoYield Keyword, CPP Collateral Class Template Instantiation, CPP Common Reference, CPP Common Type, CPP Compact Exception Model, CPP Compilation Firewalls, CPP Compilation Unit, CPP Complete Object, CPP Complex Number Type, CPP Compound Assignment Operator, CPP Compound Literal, CPP Compound Requirement, CPP Concept Keyword, CPP Concept Map, CPP Concept Predicate, CPP Concrete Type, CPP Conditional Explicit, CPP Conditional Inference, CPP Conditional Operator, CPP Conditional Variable, CPP Conforming Implementation, CPP Conformed Specialization, CPP Conformance Level, CPP Conformance Test Suite, CPP Conjunction Concept, CPP Constant Expression, CPP Constant Initialization, CPP Constant Interval Bound, CPP Const Keyword, CPP Const Member Function, CPP Const Volatile Qualifier, CPP Const_Assert Macro, CPP Consteval Keyword, CPP Constexpr Keyword, CPP Constexpr Constructor, CPP Constexpr Function, CPP Constinit Keyword, CPP Constexpr If Statement, CPP Constraint Expression, CPP Constraint Satisfaction, CPP Constraint_Based Overload Resolution, CPP Constructor Delegation, CPP Constructor Inheritance, CPP Constructor Template, CPP Contextual Conversion, CPP Continue Keyword, CPP Contract Programming, CPP Contravariant Parameter Type, CPP Conversion Function, CPP Conversion Operator, CPP Conversion Sequence, CPP Copy Assignment Operator, CPP Copy Constructor, CPP Copy Ellision, CPP Core Constant Expressions, CPP Core Guidelines, CPP Coroutine Frame, CPP Coroutine Handle, CPP Coroutine State Machine, CPP Coroutine Suspension, CPP Count Algorithm, CPP Covariant Return Type, CPP CRTP (Curiously Recurring Template Pattern), CPP CTAD (Class Template Argument Deduction), CPP CUDA Extensions For [[CPP]], CPP Curly Brace Scope, CPP Custom Deleter in Smart Pointer, CPP Custom Exception, CPP Custom Literal Suffix, CPP Dangling Pointer Detection, CPP Dangling Reference, CPP Data Member Alignment, CPP Data Member Padding, CPP Data Race, CPP Data Segment, CPP Debug Macro, CPP Debug Symbol, CPP Decay Type, CPP Decltype Keyword, CPP Decomposition Declaration, CPP Deduction Guide, CPP Deep Copy, CPP Default Argument, CPP Default Capture, CPP Default Constructor, CPP Default Initialization, CPP Default Member Initializer, CPP Defaulted Function, CPP Defaulted Move Constructor, CPP Deleted Function, CPP Deleter Object, CPP Deletion Overload, CPP Demangled Name, CPP Dependent Base, CPP Dependent Name, CPP Dependent Scope, CPP Dependent Type, CPP Dependent Type Name, CPP Deprecated Attribute, CPP Design Pattern Application, CPP Designated Initializer, CPP Destructor, CPP Device Code in [[CPP Offloading]], CPP Diagnostic Message, CPP Digit Separator, CPP Direct Base Class, CPP Direct Initialization, CPP Directive, CPP Discard Block, CPP Discard Statement, CPP Disjunction Concept, CPP DLL Export, CPP DLL Import, CPP Do Keyword, CPP Do-While Loop, CPP Documented Behavior, CPP Dominance Analysis, CPP Double Keyword, CPP Downcast Operation, CPP Downward Closure, CPP DRY Principle in [[CPP]], CPP Dynamic Allocation, CPP Dynamic Cast Keyword, CPP Dynamic Exception Specification, CPP Dynamic Initialization, CPP Dynamic Linkage, CPP Dynamic Polymorphism, CPP Dynamic Type, CPP Eager Instantiation, CPP EBCDIC Support, CPP Effective Modern [[CPP Book Reference]], CPP Ellipsis Parameter, CPP Empty Base Optimization, CPP Empty Class, CPP Empty Parameter Pack, CPP Enable If Utility, CPP End Iterator, CPP End Of File State, CPP Endl Manipulator, CPP Enumeration Underlying Type, CPP Enumerator, CPP Enum Keyword, CPP Equality Operator, CPP Equivalence Relation, CPP Erased Type, CPP Error Handling Strategy, CPP Error State Indicator, CPP Exception Filter, CPP Exception Guarantee, CPP Exception Handling, CPP Exception Object, CPP Exception Safe Functions, CPP Exception Specification, CPP Exception Translation, CPP Execinfo Integration, CPP Execution Character Set, CPP Execution Policy, CPP Exhaustive Instantiation, CPP Explicit Conversion Operator, CPP Explicit Keyword, CPP Export Keyword, CPP Extern Keyword, CPP External Linkage, CPP External Template, CPP ExternC Linkage, CPP Face-Deletion Operator, CPP False Keyword, CPP Fast Floating-Point Mode, CPP Field Alignment, CPP File Scope, CPP Filebuf Class, CPP Filesystem Directory Iterator, CPP Filesystem Path, CPP Final Specifier, CPP Fixed-Size Array, CPP Fixed-Width Integer, CPP Floating Point Environment, CPP Floating Point Literal, CPP Fold Expression, CPP For Keyword, CPP For Range Loop, CPP Forward Declaration, CPP Forward Iterator, CPP Forward List, CPP Forwarding Reference, CPP Four-Phase Name Lookup, CPP Friend Class, CPP Friend Declaration, CPP Friend Function, CPP Front Insertion Operator, CPP Full Expression, CPP Full Specialization, CPP Function Adapter, CPP Function Call Operator, CPP Function-Like Macro, CPP Function Object, CPP Function Overload, CPP Function Parameter Pack, CPP Function Pointer, CPP Function Template, CPP Function Template Partial Specialization, CPP Function Template Specialization, CPP Garbage Collection Interface, CPP Gcc Extension For [[CPP]], CPP Generalized Constant Expression, CPP Generic Lambda, CPP Generic Programming, CPP Getline Function, CPP Global New Operator, CPP Global Namespace, CPP Global Object, CPP Global Variable, CPP GPU Offloading Support, CPP Greater Comparator, CPP Guaranteed Copy Elision, CPP Guarded Suspension, CPP Half-Open Interval in Iterators, CPP Handler Block, CPP Has Include Preprocessor, CPP Hash Function Object, CPP Heap Allocation, CPP Heuristic Inline, CPP Hidden Friend Idiom, CPP Hidden Implementation Detail, CPP Homogeneous Function Template, CPP Hook Function, CPP I/O Manipulator, CPP I/O State Flag, CPP I/O Stream Buffer, CPP I/O Stream Iterator, CPP If Constexpr, CPP If Keyword, CPP If-Else Chain, CPP Ill-Formed Program, CPP Immediate Function, CPP Implementation-Defined Behavior, CPP Implementation Limit, CPP Import Keyword, CPP Incremental Compilation, CPP Indeterminate Value, CPP Index Sequence, CPP Indirect Call Optimization, CPP Inheritance Chain, CPP Inherited Constructor, CPP Inline Assembly, CPP Inline Keyword, CPP Inline Namespace, CPP Inline Variable, CPP Input Iterator, CPP Integral Constant Expression, CPP Integral Promotion, CPP Integer Division, CPP Integer Literal, CPP Internal Linkage, CPP Intrinsic Function, CPP Invalid Pointer, CPP Invocation Operator, CPP IOS Base, CPP IOS Flags, CPP IOS Format State, CPP IOS Precision, CPP IOS Width, CPP Iostream Synchronization, CPP IPC Mechanisms in [[CPP (Non-OS Generic)]], CPP ISO Standard Committee, CPP IsLiteralType Trait, CPP Iteration Statement, CPP Iterator Adapter, CPP Iterator Category, CPP Iterator Invalidation, CPP Iterator Traits, CPP JIT Compilation for [[CPP]], CPP Just-In-Time Debugging, CPP Key Function, CPP Keyword Recognition, CPP Koenig Lookup, CPP Label Declaration, CPP Lambda Capture, CPP Lambda Closure Type, CPP Lambda Expression, CPP Lambda Introducer, CPP Lambda Object, CPP Language Linkage, CPP Late Template Parsing, CPP Lexical Block, CPP LIFO Semantics, CPP Lifetime Extension of Temporaries, CPP Lifetime Profile, CPP Limit Macro, CPP Link Time Optimization, CPP Linker Script Interaction with [[CPP Symbols]], CPP Linker-Aided Optimization, CPP Linktime Polymorphism, CPP Literal Operator, CPP Literal Suffix, CPP Literal Type, CPP Local Class, CPP Local Static Variable, CPP Lock Guard, CPP Lock-Free Programming, CPP Logic And Operator, CPP Logic Not Operator, CPP Logic Or Operator, CPP Logical Conjunction, CPP Logical Disjunction, CPP Long Double Keyword, CPP Long Keyword, CPP Lookup Rule, CPP Loophole Casting, CPP Low-Level Memory Intrinsics, CPP Lvalue Reference, CPP Lvalue Transformation, CPP Machine Code Generation for [[CPP]], CPP Magic Statics, CPP Magnitude Type, CPP Main Function, CPP Make Shared, CPP Make Unique, CPP Mangling, CPP Map Container, CPP Masked Operation, CPP Maximum Munch Rule, CPP Memento Pattern in [[CPP]], CPP Member Access Operator, CPP Member Initializer List, CPP Member Template, CPP Member Variable Template, CPP Memory Fence, CPP Memory Model, CPP Memory Order, CPP Memory Resource, CPP Metaclasses Proposal, CPP Metaobject Facility, CPP Metaprogramming, CPP MinGW Toolchain, CPP Minimal Perfect Forwarding, CPP Modified UTF-8 Strings in [[CPP Context]], CPP Module Interface Unit, CPP Module Partition, CPP Module Purview, CPP Module Unit, CPP Module-Mapper, CPP Modules TS, CPP Move Assignment Operator, CPP Move Constructor, CPP Move Iterator, CPP Move Semantics, CPP MSVC Extensions, CPP Multiple Inheritance, CPP Multiway Merge, CPP Mutable Keyword, CPP Mutable Lambda, CPP Name Hiding, CPP Name Lookup, CPP Named Requirement, CPP Narrow Character Type, CPP Narrowing Conversion, CPP Namespace Alias, CPP Namespace Keyword, CPP Natvis Debug Visualization, CPP Nested Class, CPP Nested Exception, CPP Nested Lambda, CPP Nested Namespace, CPP Nested Template, CPP New Expression, CPP Nibble Access in Bitset, CPP No Except Keyword, CPP No Return Function, CPP No Unique Address Attribute, CPP Noop Mutex, CPP Normative Reference in Standard, CPP Not Keyword, CPP Not_Eq Keyword, CPP noexcept Operator, CPP Nothrow Guarantee, CPP Null Pointer Constant, CPP Nullptr Keyword, CPP Number Literal, CPP Numeric Limit, CPP ODR (One-Definition Rule), CPP ODR-Use, CPP Opaque Enum Declaration, CPP Open Multi-Methods in [[CPP (Visitor Pattern)]], CPP Operator Delete, CPP Operator Delete[], CPP Operator Function Id, CPP Operator New, CPP Operator New[], CPP Operator Overload, CPP Optional Class Template, CPP Order Statistics Tree (Extension), CPP Ordered Comparison, CPP Ordered Map, CPP Ordered Set, CPP Ordering Category, CPP Ostream Iterator, CPP Out Of Line Definition, CPP Out Parameter Style, CPP Out-Of-Class Member Definition, CPP Output Iterator, CPP Over Alignment Support, CPP Overload Resolution, CPP Overloaded Operator, CPP Overloaded Template, CPP Overriding Function, CPP Package Manager for [[CPP Libraries]], CPP Pair Class Template, CPP Panic Mode Recovery in Parser, CPP Parameter Pack, CPP Parameter Pack Expansion, CPP Parent Class, CPP Partial Ordering of Function Templates, CPP Partial Specialization, CPP Perfect Forwarding, CPP PH (Placeholders) In Templates, CPP Placement Delete, CPP Placement New, CPP Plain Old Data (POD) Type, CPP Pmr Allocator, CPP Pointer Arithmetic, CPP Pointer Decay, CPP Pointer Interconvertibility, CPP Pointer To Member, CPP Polymorphic Allocator, CPP Polymorphic Class, CPP Polymorphic Lambda, CPP Polymorphic Type, CPP Postfix Decrement Operator, CPP Postfix Increment Operator, CPP Precompiled Header, CPP Predefined Macro, CPP Prefix Decrement Operator, CPP Prefix Increment Operator, CPP Preprocessing Directive, CPP Private Base, CPP Private Inheritance, CPP Protected Inheritance, CPP Public Inheritance, CPP Pure Virtual Function, CPP Qualifier Adjustment, CPP Qualified Id, CPP Qualified Lookup, CPP Qualified Name Lookup, CPP Quick_Exit Function, CPP RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization), CPP Random Device, CPP Range Based For Loop, CPP Range Concept, CPP Range-V3 Library Integration, CPP Raw String Literal, CPP Realloc Function Avoidance, CPP Rebind Allocator, CPP Recursion Limit, CPP Redundant Move, CPP Reference Collapsing Rules, CPP Reference Parameter, CPP Reference Wrapper, CPP Reflexpr Keyword, CPP Register Keyword, CPP Regular Type Concept, CPP Reinterpret_Cast Keyword, CPP Relaxed Constraint, CPP Release Mode, CPP Requires Clause, CPP Requires Expression, CPP Requires Keyword, CPP Requirement Body, CPP Requirement Parameter, CPP Resource Leak Detection, CPP Resource Management, CPP Restricted Aliasing, CPP Return Keyword, CPP Return Type Deduction, CPP Reverse Iterator, CPP RIAA (Reverse RAII Approach, Hypothetical), CPP Ring Buffer, CPP RNG (Random Number Generator) Expanded As Random Number Generator, CPP Rule Of Five, CPP Rule Of Three, CPP Runtime Polymorphism, CPP Runtime Type Information, CPP Safe Bool Idiom, CPP Sampling Distribution Function, CPP Sanitizer, CPP Sargable Expression in [[CPP (Hypothetical Term)]], CPP Scalar Replacement of Aggregates, CPP Scenario Testing in [[CPP Unit Tests]], CPP Scope Guard Idiom, CPP Scope Resolution Operator, CPP Scoped Enumeration, CPP Scoped Lock, CPP Scoped Thread, CPP Secondary Template, CPP Segmentation Fault Handling, CPP Selection Statement, CPP Semaphore, CPP Sequence Container, CPP Shallow Copy, CPP Shared Future, CPP Shared Lock, CPP Shared Mutex, CPP Shared Pointer, CPP Short Circuit Evaluation, CPP Short Keyword, CPP Signed Integer Type, CPP Signature (Function), CPP Silent Conversion, CPP Simple Declaration, CPP Single Inheritance, CPP Single Module Unit, CPP Singleton Pattern in [[CPP]], CPP Sized Deallocation, CPP Sized Deallocation Function, CPP Slicing Problem, CPP Slice Array, CPP Smart Pointer, CPP Snowflake Operator (Hypothetical Term), CPP Software Transactional Memory Proposal, CPP Source Code Transformation, CPP Spacer Iterator (Hypothetical Term), CPP Special Member Function, CPP Specialization, CPP SFINAE (Substitution Failure Is Not An Error), CPP Shift Left Operator Overload, CPP Shift Right Operator Overload, CPP Short Lived Object Optimization, CPP Signed Char Type, CPP Signal Handler Invocation, CPP Signature of a Callable, CPP Silent Failure In Templates, CPP Sized Array To Pointer Decay, CPP Slice Iterator (Hypothetical Term), CPP Small Buffer Optimization, CPP Sort Algorithm, CPP Sorting Network Implementation, CPP Source Code Translation Unit, CPP Specialized Allocator, CPP Speculative Load, CPP Spin Lock Implementation, CPP Spurious Wakeup Prevention, CPP SSO (Small String Optimization), CPP Stable Partition, CPP Stack Allocation, CPP Standard Algorithm, CPP Standard Atomic, CPP Standard Backward Compatibility, CPP Standard Basic_String, CPP Standard Bitset, CPP Standard Byte Type, CPP Standard Charconv, CPP Standard Chrono, CPP Standard Codecvt, CPP Standard Compare, CPP Standard Concurrency Support, CPP Standard Condition_Variable, CPP Standard Container Adaptors, CPP Standard Container Erasure, CPP Standard Container Invalidation Rules, CPP Standard Deque, CPP Standard Duration, CPP Standard Dynamic Extent, CPP Standard Execution Policy, CPP Standard Filesystem, CPP Standard Fixed Size Array, CPP Standard Forward_List, CPP Standard Fstream, CPP Standard Function, CPP Standard Future, CPP Standard Hash, CPP Standard Iomanip, CPP Standard Ios, CPP Standard Iostream, CPP Standard Iostream Synchronization, CPP Standard Istream, CPP Standard Iterator, CPP Standard Layout Type, CPP Standard Library, CPP Standard List, CPP Standard Locale, CPP Standard Map, CPP Standard Memory, CPP Standard MultiMap, CPP Standard MultiSet, CPP Standard Mutex, CPP Standard Optional, CPP Standard Ostream, CPP Standard Pair, CPP Standard Priority_Queue, CPP Standard Promise, CPP Standard Queue, CPP Standard Random, CPP Standard Ratio, CPP Standard Raw Storage Iterator, CPP Standard Regex, CPP Standard Relaxed Iterator Concept, CPP Standard Scoped_Allocator_Adaptor, CPP Standard Set, CPP Standard Shared_Future, CPP Standard Shared_Ptr, CPP Standard Span, CPP Standard Stack, CPP Standard Streambuf, CPP Standard String, CPP Standard String_View, CPP Standard System_Error, CPP Standard Template Library (STL), CPP Standard Thread, CPP Standard Tuple, CPP Standard Type Erasure, CPP Standard Type Traits, CPP Standard Unique_Lock, CPP Standard Unique_Ptr, CPP Standard Unordered_Map, CPP Standard Unordered_Multimap, CPP Standard Unordered_Multiset, CPP Standard Unordered_Set, CPP Standard Utility, CPP Standard Valarray, CPP Standard Variant, CPP Standard Vector, CPP Static_assert Keyword, CPP Static Keyword, CPP Static Allocation, CPP Static Cast Keyword, CPP Static Data Member, CPP Static Storage Duration, CPP Storage Class Specifier, CPP Strict Aliasing Rule, CPP String Literal, CPP Stringification Macro, CPP Strong Exception Guarantee, CPP Structured Binding, CPP Subobject, CPP Substitution Failure, CPP Synchronized Pool Resource, CPP Synchronization Primitives, CPP Syntactic Category, CPP SzArray (Hypothetical Term), CPP Template Argument Deduction, CPP Template Class, CPP Template Constrained Function, CPP Template Friend, CPP Template Instantiation, CPP Template Metaprogramming, CPP Template Parameter, CPP Template Parameter Pack Expansion, CPP Template Partial Specialization, CPP Template Specialization, CPP Temporary Materialization, CPP Ternary Operator, CPP This Keyword, CPP Thread Local Keyword, CPP Thread Safe Initialization, CPP Three Way Comparison Operator, CPP Throw Expression, CPP Throw Keyword, CPP Token Concatenation, CPP Token Pasting Operator, CPP Traits Class, CPP Trampoline Function Technique, CPP Translation Unit, CPP Trigraph Sequence, CPP Trivial Class, CPP Trivial Type, CPP True Keyword, CPP Try Keyword, CPP TU (Translation Unit) Expanded As Translation Unit, CPP Type Alias, CPP Type Alias Template, CPP Type Deduction, CPP Type Erasure Idiom, CPP Type Id Expression, CPP Type Parameter Pack, CPP Type Promotion, CPP Type Safe Union, CPP Type Trait, CPP Type Transformation, CPP Type_Safe Enum Idiom, CPP Typename Keyword, CPP Underlying Type, CPP Unicode Literal, CPP Union Keyword, CPP Union Member, CPP Unique Address Optimization, CPP Uninitialized Fill, CPP Uninitialized Memory, CPP Uninitialized Value, CPP Universal Reference, CPP Unnamed Namespace, CPP Unordered Container, CPP Unreachable Code, CPP Unsigned Integer Type, CPP Utility Forward, CPP Value Category, CPP Value Initialization, CPP Variable Template, CPP Variadic Macro, CPP Variadic Template, CPP Vectorization Strategies, CPP Virtual Base Class, CPP Virtual Dispatch, CPP Virtual Function Table (VFT), CPP Virtual Function, CPP Virtual Inheritance, CPP Visible Entity, CPP Visibility Attribute, CPP Volatile Keyword, CPP Wchar_T Keyword, CPP Weak Symbol, CPP Wide Character Literal, CPP Wide String Literal, CPP Wide-Char Stream, CPP Widen Function, CPP Widening Conversion, CPP Working Draft of [[CPP Standard]], CPP Xor Keyword, CPP Xor_Eq Keyword, CPP Zero Initialization
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