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java_language_specification_java_se_17_edition_table_of_contents

Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition - Table of Contents

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“ (JSR-392 JvLngSpc17 2021)

” (JvLngSpc17 2021, Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes | Chapter 8 - Classes)

Brief Contents

Document Outline

The Java Language Specification

Full Contents

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Organization of the Specification 2

1.2 Example Programs 6

1.3 Notation 6

1.4 Relationship to Predefined Classes and Interfaces 7

1.5 Preview Features 7

1.6 Feedback 9

1.7 References 10

2. Grammar

2 Grammars 11

2.1 Context-Free Grammars 11

2.2 The Lexical Grammar 11

2.3 The Syntactic Grammar 12

2.4 Grammar Notation 12

3. Lexical Structure

3 Lexical Structure 17

3.1 Unicode 17

3.2 Lexical Translations 18

3.3 Unicode Escapes 19

3.4 Line Terminators 22

3.5 Input Elements and Tokens 22

3.6 White Space 24

3.7 Comments 25

3.8 Identifiers 26

3.9 Keywords 28

3.10 Literals 31

3.10.1 Integer Literals 31

3.10.2 Floating-Point Literals 38

3.10.3 Boolean Literals 41

3.10.4 Character Literals 42

3.10.5 String Literals 43

3.10.6 Text Blocks 45

3.10.7 Escape Sequences 51

3.10.8 The Null Literal 52

3.11 Separators 52

3.12 Operators 52

4. Types, Values, and Variables

4 Types, Values, and Variables 53

4.1 The Kinds of Types and Values 53

iii

The Java Language Specification

4.2 Primitive Types and Values 54

4.2.1 Integral Types and Values 55

4.2.2 Integer Operations 55

4.2.3 Floating-Point Types and Values 57

4.2.4 Floating-Point Operations 59

4.2.5 The boolean Type and boolean Values 61

4.3 Reference Types and Values 62

4.3.1 Objects 64

4.3.2 The Class Object 66

4.3.3 The Class String 67

4.3.4 When Reference Types Are the Same 67

4.4 Type Variables 68

4.5 Parameterized Types 70

4.5.1 Type Arguments of Parameterized Types 71

4.5.2 Members and Constructors of Parameterized Types 74

4.6 Type Erasure 75

4.7 Reifiable Types 75

4.8 Raw Types 77

4.9 Intersection Types 81

4.10 Subtyping 82

4.10.1 Subtyping among Primitive Types 82

4.10.2 Subtyping among Class and Interface Types 82

4.10.3 Subtyping among Array Types 83

4.10.4 Least Upper Bound 84

4.10.5 Type Projections 87

4.11 Where Types Are Used 89

4.12 Variables 94

4.12.1 Variables of Primitive Type 94

4.12.2

Variables of Reference Type 95

4.12.3

Kinds of Variables 97

4.12.4

final Variables 99

4.12.5

Initial Values of Variables 101

4.12.6

Types, Classes, and Interfaces 102

5. Conversions and Contexts

5 Conversions and Contexts 107

5.1 Kinds of Conversion 110

5.1.1 Identity Conversion 110

5.1.2 Widening Primitive Conversion 111

5.1.3 Narrowing Primitive Conversion 112

5.1.4 Widening and Narrowing Primitive Conversion 115

5.1.5 Widening Reference Conversion 115

5.1.6 Narrowing Reference Conversion 115

5.1.6.1 Allowed Narrowing Reference Conversion 116

5.1.6.2 Checked and Unchecked Narrowing Reference

Conversions 118

5.1.6.3 Narrowing Reference Conversions at Run Time 119

5.1.7 Boxing Conversion 122

iv

The Java Language Specification

5.1.8 Unboxing Conversion 123

5.1.9 Unchecked Conversion 125

5.1.10 Capture Conversion 125

5.1.11 String Conversion 127

5.1.12 Forbidden Conversions 128

5.2 Assignment Contexts 128

5.3 Invocation Contexts 133

5.4 String Contexts 135

5.5 Casting Contexts 135

5.6 Numeric Contexts 141

6. Names

6 Names 147

6.1 Declarations 148

6.2 Names and Identifiers 156

6.3 Scope of a Declaration 158

6.3.1 Scope for Pattern Variables in Expressions 162

6.3.1.1

Conditional-And Operator && 162

6.3.1.2

Conditional-Or Operator ]] | java_language_specification_java_se_17_edition_table_of_contents | 162 * 6.3.1.3 [[Logical Complement Operator ! 163

6.3.1.4

Conditional Operator ? : 163

6.3.1.5

Pattern Match Operator instanceof 164

6.3.1.6

switch Expressions 165

6.3.1.7

Parenthesized Expressions 165

6.3.2

Scope for Pattern Variables in Statements 165

6.3.2.1 Blocks 166

6.3.2.2 if Statements 166

6.3.2.3 while Statements 168

6.3.2.4 do Statements 168

6.3.2.5 for Statements 168

6.3.2.6 switch Statements 169

6.3.2.7 Labeled Statements 169

6.4 Shadowing and Obscuring 169

6.4.1 Shadowing 172

6.4.2 Obscuring 175

6.5 Determining the Meaning of a Name 177

6.5.1 Syntactic Classification of a Name According to Context 178

6.5.2 Reclassification of Contextually Ambiguous Names 182

6.5.3 Meaning of Module Names and Package Names 184

6.5.3.1

Simple Package Names 184

6.5.3.2

Qualified Package Names 184

6.5.4

Meaning of PackageOrTypeNames 184

6.5.4.1

Simple PackageOrTypeNames 184

6.5.4.2

Qualified PackageOrTypeNames 185

6.5.5

Meaning of Type Names 185

6.5.5.1

Simple Type Names 185

6.5.5.2

Qualified Type Names 186

6.5.6

Meaning of Expression Names 187

v

The Java Language Specification

6.5.6.1 Simple Expression Names 187

6.5.6.2 Qualified Expression Names 191

6.5.7 Meaning of Method Names 193

6.5.7.1 Simple Method Names 193

6.6 Access Control 195

6.6.1 Determining Accessibility 196

6.6.2 Details on protected Access 200

6.6.2.1 Access to a protected Member 201

6.6.2.2 Access to a protected Constructor 201

6.7 Fully Qualified Names and Canonical Names 203

7. Packages and Modules

7 Packages and Modules 207

7.1 Package Members 208

7.2 Host Support for Modules and Packages 209

7.3 Compilation Units 212

7.4 Package Declarations 214

7.4.1 Named Packages 214

7.4.2 Unnamed Packages 215

7.4.3 Package Observability and Visibility 215

7.5 Import Declarations 216

7.5.1 Single-Type-Import Declarations 217

7.5.2 Type-Import-on-Demand Declarations 219

7.5.3 Single-Static-Import Declarations 220

7.5.4 Static-Import-on-Demand Declarations 221

7.6 Top Level Class and Interface Declarations 222

7.7 Module Declarations 225

7.7.1 Dependences 228

7.7.2 Exported and Opened Packages 230

7.7.3 Service Consumption 231

7.7.4 Service Provision 232

7.7.5 Unnamed Modules 233

7.7.6 Observability of a Module 233

8. Classes

Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition Chapter 8 - Classes

8 Classes 235

8.1 Class Declarations 237

8.1.1 Class Modifiers 237 - Java Class Modifiers

8.1.1.1 abstract Classes 238 - Java abstract Classes

8.1.1.2 sealed, non-sealed, and final Classes 240 - Java sealed, non-sealed, and final Classes

8.1.1.3 strictfp Classes 241 - Java strictfp Class

8.1.1.4 static Classes 241 - Java static Class

8.1.2 Generic Classes and Type Parameters 241 - Java Generic Class - Java Type Parameter

8.1.3 Inner Classes and Enclosing Instances 244 - Java Inner Class and Java Enclosing Instance

8.1.4 Superclasses and Subclasses 248 - Java Superclass and Java Subclass

8.1.5 Superinterfaces 251 - Java Superinterface

8.1.6 Permitted Direct Subclasses 254 - Java Permitted Direct Subclass

8.1.7 Class Body and Member Declarations 256 - Java Class Body and Java Member Declaration

8.2 Class Members 257 - Java Class Member

vi The Java Language Specification

8.3 Field Declarations 261 - Java Field Declaration

8.3.1 Field Modifiers 266 - Java Field Modifier

8.3.1.1 static Fields 266 - Java static Field

8.3.1.2 final Fields 269 - Java final Field

8.3.1.3 transient Fields 270 - Java transient Field

8.3.1.4 volatile Fields 270 - Java volatile Field

8.3.2 Field Initialization 271 - Java Field Initialization

8.3.3 Restrictions on Field References in Initializers 273 - Java Restrictions on Field References in Initializers

8.4 Method Declarations 276 - Java Method Declaration

8.4.1 Formal Parameters 278 - Java Formal Parameter

8.4.2 Method Signature 280 - Java Method Signature

8.4.3 Method Modifiers 282 - Java Method Modifier

8.4.3.1 abstract Methods 282 - Java abstract Method

8.4.3.2 static Methods 284 - Java static Method

8.4.3.3 final Methods 284 - Java final Method

8.4.3.4 native Methods 285 - Java native Method

8.4.3.5 strictfp Methods 286 - Java strictfp Method

8.4.3.6 synchronized Methods 286 - Java synchronized Method

8.4.4 Generic Methods 287 - Java Generic Method

8.4.5 Method Result 288 - Java Method Result

8.4.6 Method Throws 289 - Java Method Throw

8.4.7 Method Body 290 - Java Method Body

8.4.8 Inheritance, Overriding, and Hiding 291 - Java Inheritance, Overriding, and Hiding

8.4.8.1 Method Overriding (by Instance Methods) 293 - Java Method Overriding (by Instance Methods)

8.4.8.2 Method Hiding (by Class Methods) 296 - Java Method Hiding (by Class Methods)

8.4.8.3 Requirements in Overriding and Hiding 297 - Java Requirements in Overriding and Hiding

8.4.8.4 Inheriting Methods with Override-Equivalent Signatures 301 - Java Inheriting Methods with Override-Equivalent Signatures

8.4.9 Overloading 302 - Java Overloading

8.5 Member Class and Interface Declarations 305 - Java Member Class and Java Interface Declaration - Java Member Class and Interface Declarations

8.6 Instance Initializers 306 - Java Instance Initializer

8.7 Static Initializers 307 - Java Static Initializer

8.8 Constructor Declarations 307 - Java Constructor Declaration

8.8.1 Formal Parameters 308 - Java Formal Parameter

8.8.2 Constructor Signature 309 - Java Constructor Signature

8.8.3 Constructor Modifiers 310 - Java Constructor Modifier

8.8.4 Generic Constructors 310 - Java Generic Constructor

8.8.5 Constructor Throws 311 - Java Constructor Throw

8.8.6 The Type of a Constructor 311 - Java Type of a Constructor

8.8.7 Constructor Body 311 - Java Constructor Body

8.8.7.1 Explicit Constructor Invocations 312 - Java Explicit Constructor Invocation

8.8.8 Constructor Overloading 317 - Java Constructor Overloading

8.8.9 Default Constructor 317 - Java Default Constructor

8.8.10 Preventing Instantiation of a Class 318 - Java Preventing Instantiation of a Class

8.9 Enum Classes 319 - Java Enum Class

8.9.1 Enum Constants 320 - Java Enum Constant

8.9.2 Enum Body Declarations 321 - Java Enum Body Declaration

8.9.3 Enum Members 323 - Java Enum Member

vii The Java Language Specification

8.10 Record Classes 328 - Java Record Class

8.10.1 Record Components 329 - Java Record Component

8.10.2 Record Body Declarations 330 - Java Record Body Declaration

8.10.3 Record Members 331 - Java Record Member

8.10.4 Record Constructor Declarations 335 - Java Record Constructor Declaration

8.10.4.1 Normal Canonical Constructors 336 - Java Normal Canonical Constructor

8.10.4.2 Compact Canonical Constructors 337 - Java Compact Canonical Constructor

9. Interfaces

9 Interfaces 341

9.1 Interface Declarations 342

9.1.1 Interface Modifiers 342

9.1.1.1 abstract Interfaces 343

9.1.1.2 strictfp Interfaces 343

9.1.1.3 static Interfaces 343

9.1.1.4 sealed and non-sealed Interfaces 344

9.1.2 Generic Interfaces and Type Parameters 344

9.1.3 Superinterfaces and Subinterfaces 345

9.1.4 Permitted Direct Subclasses and Subinterfaces 346

9.1.5 Interface Body and Member Declarations 348

9.2 Interface Members 348

9.3 Field (Constant) Declarations 349

9.3.1 Initialization of Fields in Interfaces 351

9.4 Method Declarations 352

9.4.1 Inheritance and Overriding 354

9.4.1.1 Overriding (by Instance Methods) 355

9.4.1.2 Requirements in Overriding 356

9.4.1.3 Inheriting Methods with Override-Equivalent Signatures 357

9.4.2 Overloading 358

9.4.3 Interface Method Body 358

9.5 Member Class and Interface Declarations 359

9.6 Annotation Interfaces 360

9.6.1 Annotation Interface Elements 362

9.6.2 Defaults for Annotation Interface Elements 365

9.6.3 Repeatable Annotation Interfaces 366

9.6.4 Predefined Annotation Interfaces 371

9.6.4.1 @Target 371

9.6.4.2 @Retention 372

9.6.4.3 @Inherited 373

9.6.4.4 @Override 374

9.6.4.5 @SuppressWarnings 375

9.6.4.6 @Deprecated 376

9.6.4.7 @SafeVarargs 378

9.6.4.8 @Repeatable 379

9.6.4.9 @FunctionalInterface 379

9.7 Annotations 379

9.7.1 Normal Annotations 380

viii The Java Language Specification

9.7.2 Marker Annotations 383

9.7.3 Single-Element Annotations 383

9.7.4 Where Annotations May Appear 384

9.7.5 Multiple Annotations of the Same Interface 389

9.8 Functional Interfaces 390

9.9 Function Types 394

10. Arrays

10 Arrays 399

10.1 Array Types 400

10.2 Array Variables 400

10.3 Array Creation 403

10.4 Array Access 403

10.5 Array Store Exception 404

10.6 Array Initializers 405

10.7 Array Members 407

10.8 Class Objects for Arrays 408

10.9 An Array of Characters Is Not a String 409

11 Exceptions

11 Exceptions 411

11.1 The Kinds and Causes of Exceptions 412

11.1.1 The Kinds of Exceptions 412

11.1.2 The Causes of Exceptions 413

11.1.3 Asynchronous Exceptions 414

11.2 Compile-Time Checking of Exceptions 415

11.2.1 Exception Analysis of Expressions 416

11.2.2 Exception Analysis of Statements 417

11.2.3 Exception Checking 418

11.3 Run-Time Handling of an Exception 420

12. Execution

12 Execution 425

12.1 Java Virtual Machine Startup 425

12.1.1 Load the Class Test 426

12.1.2 Link Test: Verify, Prepare, (Optionally) Resolve 426

12.1.3 Initialize Test: Execute Initializers 427

12.1.4 Invoke Test.main 428

12.2 Loading of Classes and Interfaces 428

12.2.1 The Loading Process 429

12.2.2 Class Loader Consistency 429

12.3 Linking of Classes and Interfaces 430

12.3.1 Verification of the Binary Representation 430

12.3.2 Preparation of a Class or Interface 431

12.3.3 Resolution of Symbolic References 431

12.4 Initialization of Classes and Interfaces 432

12.4.1 When Initialization Occurs 433

12.4.2 Detailed Initialization Procedure 435

12.5 Creation of New Class Instances 438

ix The Java Language Specification

12.6 Finalization of Class Instances 441

12.6.1 Implementing Finalization 443

12.6.2 Interaction with the Memory Model 444

12.7 Unloading of Classes and Interfaces 446

12.8 Program Exit 447

13. Binary Compatibility

13 Binary Compatibility 449

13.1 The Form of a Binary 450

13.2 What Binary Compatibility Is and Is Not 457

13.3 Evolution of Packages and Modules 458

13.4 Evolution of Classes 459

13.4.1 abstract Classes 459

13.4.2 sealed, non-sealed, and final Classes 459

13.4.2.1 sealed Classes 459

13.4.2.2 non-sealed Classes 460

13.4.2.3 final Classes 460

13.4.3 public Classes 460

13.4.4 Superclasses and Superinterfaces 460

13.4.5 Class Type Parameters 462

13.4.6 Class Body and Member Declarations 462

13.4.7 Access to Members and Constructors 464

13.4.8 Field Declarations 465

13.4.9 final Fields and static Constant Variables 467

13.4.10 static Fields 469

13.4.11 transient Fields 469

13.4.12 Method and Constructor Declarations 469

13.4.13 Method and Constructor Type Parameters 470

13.4.14 Method and Constructor Formal Parameters 471

13.4.15 Method Result Type 471

13.4.16 abstract Methods 471

13.4.17 final Methods 472

13.4.18 native Methods 473

13.4.19 static Methods 473

13.4.20 synchronized Methods 473

13.4.21 Method and Constructor Throws 473

13.4.22 Method and Constructor Body 474

13.4.23 Method and Constructor Overloading 474

13.4.24 Method Overriding 475

13.4.25 Static Initializers 475

13.4.26 Evolution of Enum Classes 475

13.4.27 Evolution of Record Classes 476

13.5 Evolution of Interfaces 476

13.5.1 public Interfaces 476

13.5.2 sealed and non-sealed Interfaces 476

13.5.3 Superinterfaces 477

13.5.4 Interface Members 477

13.5.5 Interface Type Parameters 478

x The Java Language Specification

13.5.6 Field Declarations 478

13.5.7 Interface Method Declarations 478

13.5.8 Annotation Interfaces 479

14. Blocks, Statements, and Patterns

14 Blocks, Statements, and Patterns 481

14.1 Normal and Abrupt Completion of Statements 482

14.2

Blocks 483

14.3

Local Class and Interface Declarations 484

14.4

Local Variable Declarations 486

14.4.1

Local Variable Declarators and Types 487

14.4.2

Local Variable Declaration Statements 488

14.5

14.6

The Empty Statement 491

14.7

Labeled Statements 491

14.8

Expression Statements 493

14.9

The if Statement 494

14.9.1

The if-then Statement 494

14.9.2

The if-then-else Statement 494

14.10 The assert Statement 495

14.11 The switch Statement 498

14.11.1 Switch Blocks 498

14.11.2 The Switch Block of a switch Statement 501

14.11.3 Execution of a switch Statement 501

14.12 The while Statement 504

14.12.1 Abrupt Completion of while Statement 505

14.13 The do Statement 505

14.13.1 Abrupt Completion of do Statement 506

14.14 The for Statement 507

14.14.1 The basic for Statement 508

14.14.1.1 Initialization of for Statement 508

14.14.1.2 Iteration of for Statement 509

14.14.1.3 Abrupt Completion of for Statement 510

14.14.2 The enhanced for statement 511

14.15 The break Statement 514

14.16 The continue Statement 516

14.17 The return Statement 519

14.18 The throw Statement 520

14.19 The synchronized Statement 522

14.20 The try statement 523

14.20.1 Execution of try-catch 526

14.20.2 Execution of try-finally and try-catch-[[finally 527

14.20.3 try-with-resources 530

14.20.3.1 Basic try-with-resources 532

14.20.3.2 Extended try-with-resources 535

14.21 The yield Statement 536

14.22 Unreachable Statements 537

14.30 Patterns 543

xi The Java Language Specification

14.30.1 Kinds of Patterns 544

14.30.2 Pattern Matching 545

15 Expressions

15 Expressions 547

15.1 Evaluation, Denotation, and Result 547

15.2 Forms of Expressions 548

15.3 Type of an Expression 549

15.4 Floating-point Expressions 550

15.5 Expressions and Run-Time Checks 554

15.6 Normal and Abrupt Completion of Evaluation 555

15.7 Evaluation Order]] 557

15.7.1 Evaluate Left-Hand Operand First 557

15.7.2 Evaluate Operands before Operation 559

15.7.3 Evaluation Respects Parentheses and Precedence 560

15.7.4 Argument [[Lists are Evaluated Left-to-Right 561

15.7.5 Evaluation Order]] for Other Expressions 562

15.8 Primary Expression]]s 563

15.8.1 Lexical Literals 564

15.8.2 Class Literals 564

15.8.3 this 565

15.8.4 Qualified this 566

15.8.5 Parenthesized Expressions 567

15.9 Class Instance Creation Expressions 567

15.9.1 Determining the Class being Instantiated 569

15.9.2 Determining Enclosing Instances 571

15.9.3 Choosing the Constructor and its Arguments 573

15.9.4 Run-Time Evaluation of Class Instance Creation Expressions 578

15.9.5 Anonymous Class Declarations 579

15.9.5.1 Anonymous Constructors 580

15.10 Array Creation and Access Expressions 581

15.10.1 Array Creation Expressions 581

15.10.2 Run-Time Evaluation of Array Creation Expressions 583

15.10.3 Array Access Expressions 586

15.10.4 Run-Time Evaluation of Array Access Expressions 586

15.11 Field Access Expressions 589

15.11.1 Field Access Using a Primary 589

15.11.2 Accessing Superclass Members using super 592

15.12 Method Invocation Expressions 594

15.12.1 Compile-Time Step 1: Determine Type to Search 595

15.12.2 Compile-Time Step 2: Determine Method Signature 598

15.12.2.1 Identify Potentially Applicable Methods 604

15.12.2.2 Phase 1: Identify Matching Arity Methods Applicable by Strict Invocation 606

15.12.2.3 Phase 2: Identify Matching Arity Methods Applicable by Loose Invocation 608

xii The Java Language Specification

15.12.2.4 Phase 3: Identify Methods Applicable by Variable Arity Invocation 608

15.12.2.5 Choosing the Most Specific Method 609

15.12.2.6 Method Invocation Type 613

15.12.3 Compile-Time Step 3: Is the Chosen Method Appropriate? 614

15.12.4 Run-Time Evaluation of Method Invocation 617

15.12.4.1 Compute Target Reference (If Necessary) 617

15.12.4.2 Evaluate Arguments 619

15.12.4.3 Check Accessibility of Type and Method 620

15.12.4.4 Locate Method to Invoke 621

15.12.4.5 Create Frame, Synchronize, Transfer Control 626

15.13 Method Reference Expressions 628

15.13.1 Compile-Time Declaration of a Method Reference 631

15.13.2 Type of a Method Reference 637

15.13.3 Run-Time Evaluation of Method References 638

15.14 Postfix Expressions 641

15.14.1 Expression Names 642

15.14.2 Postfix Increment Operator ++ 642

15.14.3 Postfix Decrement Operator – 643

15.15 Unary Operators 643

15.15.1 Prefix Increment Operator ++ 645

15.15.2 Prefix Decrement Operator – 645

15.15.3 Unary Plus Operator + 646

15.15.4 Unary Minus Operator - 646

15.15.5 Bitwise Complement Operator ~ 647

15.15.6 Logical Complement Operator ! 647

15.16 Cast Expressions 648

15.17 Multiplicative Operators 649

15.17.1 Multiplication Operator * 650

15.17.2 Division Operator / 650

15.17.3 Remainder Operator % 652

15.18 Additive Operators 654

15.18.1 String Concatenation Operator + 655

15.18.2 Additive Operators (+ and -) for Numeric Types 657

15.19 Shift Operators 659

15.20 Relational Operators 660

15.20.1 Numerical Comparison Operators <, ⇐, >, and >= 660

15.20.2 The instanceof Operator 661

15.21 Equality Operators 664

15.21.1 Numerical Equality Operators == and != 664

15.21.2 Boolean Equality Operators == and != 665

15.21.3 Reference Equality Operators == and != 666

15.22 Bitwise and Logical Operators 666

15.22.1 Integer Bitwise Operators &, ^, and ]] | 667 * 15.22.2 [[Boolean Logical Operators &, ^, and ]] | 668 * 15.23 [[Conditional-And Operator && 668

15.24 Conditional-Or Operator ]] | java_language_specification_java_se_17_edition_table_of_contents | 669 * 15.25 [[Conditional Operator ? : 670

xiii The Java Language Specification

15.25.1 Boolean Conditional Expressions 677

15.25.2 Numeric Conditional Expressions 677

15.25.3 Reference Conditional Expressions 678

15.26 Assignment Operators 679

15.26.1 Simple Assignment Operator = 680

15.26.2 Compound Assignment Operators 686

15.27 Lambda Expressions 692

15.27.1 Lambda Parameters 694

15.27.2 Lambda Body 697

15.27.3 Type of a Lambda Expression 700

15.27.4 Run-Time Evaluation of Lambda Expressions 702

15.28 switch Expressions 704

15.28.1 The Switch Block of a switch Expression 704

15.28.2 Run-Time Evaluation of switch Expressions 706

15.29 Constant Expressions 707

16 Definitie Assignment

16 Definite Assignment 709

16.1 Definite Assignment and Expressions 715

16.1.1 Boolean Constant Expressions 715

16.1.2 Conditional-And Operator && 715

16.1.3 Conditional-Or Operator ]] | java_language_specification_java_se_17_edition_table_of_contents | 716 * 16.1.4 [[Logical Complement Operator ! 716

16.1.5 Conditional Operator ? : 716

16.1.6 switch Expressions 717

16.1.7 Other Expressions of Type boolean 720

16.1.8 Assignment Expressions 720

16.1.9 Operators ++ and – 720

16.1.10 Other Expressions 721

16.2 Definite Assignment and Statements 722

16.2.1 Empty Statements 722

16.2.2 Blocks 722

16.2.3 Local Class and Interface Declarations 724

16.2.4 Local Variable Declaration Statements 724

16.2.5 Labeled Statements 724

16.2.6 Expression Statements 725

16.2.7 if Statements 725

16.2.8 assert Statements 725

16.2.9 switch Statements 726

16.2.10 while Statements 726

16.2.11 do Statements 727

16.2.12 for Statements 727

16.2.12.1 Initialization Part of for Statement 728

16.2.12.2 Incrementation Part of for Statement 729

16.2.13 break, yield, continue, return, and throw Statements 729

16.2.14 synchronized Statements 729

16.2.15 try Statements 729

16.3 Definite Assignment and Parameters 731

xiv The Java Language Specification

16.4 Definite Assignment and Array Initializers 731

16.5 Definite Assignment and Enum Constants 732

16.6 Definite Assignment and Anonymous Classes 732

16.7 vDefinite Assignment and Member Classes and Interfaces 733

16.8 Definite Assignment and Static Initializers 733

16.9 Definite Assignment, Constructors, and Instance Initializers 734

17 Threads and Locks

17 Threads and Locks 737

17.1 Synchronization 738

17.2 Wait Sets and Notification 738

17.2.1 Wait 739

17.2.2 Notification 741

17.2.3 Interruptions 741

17.2.4 Interactions of Waits, Notification, and Interruption 742

17.3 Sleep and Yield 742

17.4 Memory Model 743

17.4.1 Shared Variables 746

17.4.2 Actions 746

17.4.3 Programs and Program Order 747

17.4.4 Synchronization Order 748

17.4.5 Happens-before Order 749

17.4.6 Executions 752

17.4.7 Well-Formed Executions 753

17.4.8 Executions and Causality Requirements 753

17.4.9 Observable Behavior and Nonterminating Executions 756

17.5 final Field Semantics 758

17.5.1 Semantics of final Fields 760

17.5.2 Reading final Fields During Construction 761

17.5.3 Subsequent Modification of final Fields 761

17.5.4 Write-Protected Fields 762

17.6 Word Tearing 763

17.7 Non-Atomic Treatment of double and long 764

18 Type Inference

18 Type Inference 765

18.1 Concepts and Notation 766

18.1.1 Inference Variables 766

18.1.2 Constraint Formulas 767

18.1.3 Bounds 767

18.2 Reduction 769

18.2.1 Expression Compatibility Constraints 769

18.2.2 Type Compatibility Constraints 774

18.2.3 Subtyping Constraints 775

18.2.4 Type Equality Constraints 777

18.2.5 Checked Exception Constraints 778

18.3 Incorporation 780

18.3.1 Complementary Pairs of Bounds 781

18.3.2 Bounds Involving Capture Conversion 782

xv The Java Language Specification

18.4 Resolution 782

18.5 Uses of Inference 785

18.5.1 Invocation Applicability Inference 785

18.5.2 Invocation Type Inference 787

18.5.2.1 Poly Method Invocation Compatibility 787

18.5.2.2 Additional Argument Constraints 789

18.5.3 Functional Interface Parameterization Inference 794

18.5.4 More Specific Method Inference 795

19 Syntax

19 Syntax 799

A Limited License Grant 827

xvi

Fair Use Sources

Fair Use Sources:

The Java Language Specification Java SE 17 Edition by James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, et al, 2021-08-09, Java Language Specification: JSR-392 Java SE 17. (JSR-392 JvLngSpc17 2021)

Java Vocabulary List (Sorted by Popularity)

Java Programming Language, Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Java Development Kit (JDK), Java Runtime Environment (JRE), Java Class, Java Interface, Java Method, Java Object, Java Package, Java String, Java Integer, Java Array, Java List, Java Map, Java Set, Java Exception, Java Thread, Java Synchronization, Java Generic, Java Annotation, Java Stream, Java Lambda Expression, Java Inheritance, Java Polymorphism, Java Encapsulation, Java Abstraction, Java Access Modifier, Java Constructor, Java Overloading, Java Overriding, Java Collection Framework, Java ArrayList, Java HashMap, Java HashSet, Java LinkedList, Java TreeMap, Java TreeSet, Java Iterator, Java Enumeration, Java File, Java InputStream, Java OutputStream, Java Reader, Java Writer, Java BufferedReader, Java BufferedWriter, Java PrintWriter, Java PrintStream, Java Scanner, Java StringBuilder, Java StringBuffer, Java Character, Java Boolean, Java Double, Java Float, Java Byte, Java Short, Java Long, Java BigInteger, Java BigDecimal, Java ClassLoader, Java Reflection, Java Proxy, Java Dynamic Proxy, Java Inner Class, Java Static Nested Class, Java Anonymous Class, Java Enum, Java Autoboxing, Java Auto-Unboxing, Java Garbage Collection, Java Memory Model, Java Just-In-Time Compilation, Java Classpath, Java Module, Java Module Path, Java Record, Java Sealed Class, Java Switch Expression, Java Pattern Matching for instanceof, Java Text Block, Java Var Keyword, Java Interface Default Method, Java Interface Static Method, Java Functional Interface, Java SAM (Single Abstract Method) Interface, Java Optional, Java Stream API, Java Collectors, Java Parallel Streams, Java Concurrency Package, Java Executor, Java ExecutorService, Java Future, Java CompletableFuture, Java ForkJoinPool, Java ReentrantLock, Java Semaphore, Java CountDownLatch, Java CyclicBarrier, Java Phaser, Java BlockingQueue, Java ConcurrentHashMap, Java AtomicInteger, Java AtomicLong, Java AtomicReference, Java AtomicBoolean, Java Lock Interface, Java ReadWriteLock, Java Condition, Java ThreadLocal, Java Synchronized Keyword, Java Volatile Keyword, Java Notify, Java Wait, Java Monitor, Java ReentrantReadWriteLock, Java ConcurrentLinkedQueue, Java PriorityQueue, Java Deque, Java ArrayDeque, Java SortedMap, Java SortedSet, Java NavigableMap, Java NavigableSet, Java EnumSet, Java EnumMap, Java WeakHashMap, Java LinkedHashMap, Java LinkedHashSet, Java IdentityHashMap, Java TreeMap Comparator, Java HashCode, Java Equals Method, Java CompareTo Method, Java Cloneable Interface, Java Serializable Interface, Java Externalizable Interface, Java Serialization Mechanism, Java ObjectOutputStream, Java ObjectInputStream, Java Transient Keyword, Java Persistence, Java JDBC (Java Database Connectivity), Java SQL Package, Java PreparedStatement, Java ResultSet, Java DriverManager, Java Connection, Java Statement, Java CallableStatement, Java RowSet, Java Bean, Java PropertyDescriptor, Java Introspector, Java BeanInfo, Java Enterprise Edition, Java Servlet, Java ServletContext, Java HttpServlet, Java HttpServletRequest, Java HttpServletResponse, Java Session, Java Filter, Java Listener, Java JSP (Java Server Pages), Java Expression Language, Java JSTL (JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library), Java JDBC RowSet, Java DataSource, Java JNDI (Java Naming and Directory Interface), Java RMI (Remote Method Invocation), Java RMI Registry, Java RMI Stub, Java RMI Skeleton, Java RMI Remote Interface, Java CORBA Support, Java IDL, Java NamingException, Java InitialContext, Java Context Lookup, Java Message Service (JMS), Java Mail API, Java Bean Validation, Java Security Manager, Java Policy, Java Permission, Java AccessController, Java PrivilegedAction, Java KeyStore, Java TrustStore, Java SSLContext, Java Cipher, Java MessageDigest, Java KeyFactory, Java SecretKey, Java PublicKey, Java PrivateKey, Java Certificate, Java SecureRandom, Java SecureClassLoader, Java GSS-API (Generic Security Services), Java SASL (Simple Authentication and Security Layer), Java JAAS (Java Authentication and Authorization Service), Java Kerberos Integration, Java PKI (Public Key Infrastructure), Java JCE (Java Cryptography Extension), Java JCA (Java Cryptography Architecture), Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit), Java Swing, Java JFrame, Java JPanel, Java JLabel, Java JButton, Java JTextField, Java JTextArea, Java JScrollPane, Java JList, Java JComboBox, Java JTable, Java JTree, Java JDialog, Java JOptionPane, Java JProgressBar, Java JSlider, Java JSpinner, Java BoxLayout, Java BorderLayout, Java FlowLayout, Java GridLayout, Java GridBagLayout, Java CardLayout, Java LayoutManager, Java Drag and Drop, Java Clipboard, Java ImageIO, Java BufferedImage, Java Graphics2D, Java Font, Java Color, Java GradientPaint, Java TexturePaint, Java Stroke, Java Shape, Java AffineTransform, Java Path2D, Java BasicStroke, Java RenderingHints, Java GraphicsEnvironment, Java Robot, Java PrintService, Java PrinterJob, Java Paint Event, Java SwingUtilities, Java Pluggable LookAndFeel, Java Metal LookAndFeel, Java Nimbus LookAndFeel, Java Accessibility API, Java Sound API, Java MIDI, Java Clip, Java AudioInputStream, Java Sequencer, Java Synthesizer, Java Line, Java Port, Java Mixer, Java DataLine, Java Applet, Java Web Start, Java FX (JavaFX), Java SceneGraph, Java Node (JavaFX), Java Stage (JavaFX), Java Scene (JavaFX), Java Pane (JavaFX), Java GridPane, Java BorderPane, Java HBox, Java VBox, Java StackPane, Java AnchorPane, Java FlowPane, Java TilePane, Java Label (JavaFX), Java Button (JavaFX), Java TextField (JavaFX), Java TextArea (JavaFX), Java ChoiceBox, Java ComboBox (JavaFX), Java ListView, Java TableView, Java TreeView, Java WebView, Java Observable, Java Property (JavaFX), Java Binding (JavaFX), Java CSS (JavaFX), Java FXML, Java MediaPlayer, Java SwingNode, Java HTMLEditor (JavaFX), Java Concurrency in JavaFX, Java ScheduledExecutorService, Java Timer, Java TimerTask, Java ThreadPoolExecutor, Java WorkStealingPool, Java Callable, Java Runnable, Java FutureTask, Java LockSupport, Java Phaser Parties, Java Thread Dump, Java Heap Dump, Java Flight Recorder, Java Mission Control, Java JVMTI (JVM Tool Interface), Java JMX (Java Management Extensions), Java MBean, Java MBeanServer, Java MXBean, Java GarbageCollectorMXBean, Java MemoryMXBean, Java OperatingSystemMXBean, Java ThreadMXBean, Java CompilationMXBean, Java ClassLoadingMXBean, Java PlatformManagedObject, Java Instrumentation API, Java Attach API, Java JVMDebugger, Java JDWP (Java Debug Wire Protocol), Java JDI (Java Debug Interface), Java JShell, Java Scripting API, Java Nashorn (JavaScript Engine), Java XML Processing, Java DOM Parser, Java SAX Parser, Java StAX Parser, Java JAXB (Java Architecture for XML Binding), Java JAXP (Java API for XML Processing), Java SOAP, Java JAX-WS (Java API for XML Web Services), Java RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS), Java JSON Processing (JSON-P), Java JSON Binding (JSON-B), Java CDI (Contexts and Dependency Injection), Java EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans), Java JMS (Java Message Service), Java JTA (Java Transaction API), Java Bean Validation (JSR 380), Java Dependency Injection Frameworks, Java Spring Framework, Java Spring Boot, Java Hibernate (Java Persistence Framework), Java JPA (Java Persistence API), Java JAX-RPC (Java API for XML-based RPC), Java AppServer, Java GlassFish, Java WildFly, Java Liberty Profile, Java Tomcat, Java Jetty, Java Undertow, Java OSGi (Open Service Gateway Initiative), Java Pax Exam, Java RAP (Remote Application Platform), Java RCP (Rich Client Platform), Java Equinox, Java Tycho Build, Java Lombok, Java Guava, Java SLF4J (Simple Logging Facade for Java), Java Logback, Java JUL (Java Util Logging), Java Log4j, Java Commons Collections, Java Commons IO, Java Commons Lang, Java HTTPClient, Java URLConnection, Java URI Class, Java URL Class, Java Cookie Handler, Java HTTPServer, Java WebSocket API, Java AppletViewer, Java RMIClassLoader, Java JVMPauseDetector, Java Memory Settings, Java System Properties, Java Environment Variables (As Accessed by Java), Java ServiceLoader, Java SPI (Service Provider Interface), Java Instrumentation Rewriting, Java Agent Attaching, Java Runtime Exec, Java ProcessHandle, Java ProcessBuilder, Java ScriptingEngineManager, Java ScriptEngine, Java ScriptContext, Java CompiledScript, Java FX Application Thread, Java FXProperty, Java FXObservableValue, Java FXKeyFrame, Java FXTimeline, Java FXTransition, Java FXImageView, Java FXCanvas, Java FX3D Features, Java AOT Compilation (jaotc), Java GraalVM Integration, Java JNI (Java Native Interface), Java NIO (Non-Blocking I/O), Java Path, Java Files Class, Java FileSystem, Java FileChannel, Java AsynchronousFileChannel, Java Socket, Java ServerSocket, Java DatagramSocket, Java MulticastSocket, Java SocketChannel, Java ServerSocketChannel, Java DatagramChannel, Java Pipe, Java FileLock, Java MappedByteBuffer, Java CharsetDecoder, Java CharsetEncoder, Java SecretKeySpec, Java KeySpec, Java KeyPair, Java KeyAgreement, Java KeyGenerator, Java Mac (Message Authentication Code), Java PolicySpi, Java SecureRandomSpi, Java CertPath, Java CertPathBuilder, Java CertPathValidator, Java TrustManager, Java KeyManager, Java SSLSession, Java SSLSocket, Java SSLServerSocket, Java SSLEngine, Java SSLParameters, Java HttpsURLConnection, Java DomainCombiner, Java Principal, Java Subject, Java LoginContext, Java CallbackHandler, Java TextField (Swing), Java TextPane, Java StyledDocument, Java AttributeSet, Java StyleConstants, Java AbstractDocument, Java DocumentFilter, Java Caret, Java Highlighter, Java UndoManager, Java DefaultStyledDocument, Java ViewFactory, Java EditorKit, Java KeyStroke, Java ActionMap, Java InputMap, Java RootPane, Java GlassPane, Java LayeredPane, Java MenuBar, Java MenuItem, Java JMenu, Java JMenuItem, Java JCheckBoxMenuItem, Java JRadioButtonMenuItem, Java PopupMenu, Java Popup, Java TooltipManager, Java DesktopManager, Java InternalFrame, Java InternalFrameUI, Java InternalFrameAdapter, Java DockingFrames, Java SystemTray, Java TrayIcon, Java Robot Class, Java PrintServiceLookup, Java FlavorMap, Java Transferable, Java DataFlavor, Java DragGestureRecognizer, Java DropMode, Java DropTargetAutoScroll, Java DropTargetContext, Java DropTargetListener, Java DropTargetDragEvent, Java DropTargetDropEvent, Java BasicLookAndFeel Class, Java SynthLookAndFeel, Java UIDefaults, Java UIManager, Java ClientPropertyKey, Java ImageIOSpi, Java ImageWriter, Java ImageReader, Java ImageInputStream, Java ImageOutputStream, Java IIOMetadata, Java BufferedImageOp, Java ColorModel, Java WritableRaster, Java IndexColorModel, Java Raster, Java RenderedImage, Java WritableRenderedImage, Java ImageTranscoder, Java ImageWriterSpi, Java ImageReaderSpi, Java Soundbank, Java MidiChannel, Java MidiDevice, Java MidiEvent, Java Sequence, Java MidiFileFormat, Java SoundFont, Java AudioSystem, Java AudioFormat, Java DataLine.Info, Java LineEvent, Java LineListener, Java Clip Class, Java SourceDataLine, Java TargetDataLine, Java Port.Info, Java Mixer.Info, Java Gervill (SoftSynthesizer), Java AccessBridge, Java AWTEvent, Java KeyEvent, Java MouseEvent, Java FocusEvent, Java WindowEvent, Java ComponentEvent, Java AdjustmentEvent, Java ContainerEvent, Java InputMethodEvent, Java HierarchyEvent, Java InvocationEvent, Java PaintEvent, Java DropTargetEvent, Java Peer Interface, Java AWTEventMulticaster, Java Toolkit, Java Desktop, Java GraphicsConfiguration, Java GraphicsDevice, Java AWTKeyStroke, Java TextHitInfo, Java TextLayout, Java TextAttribute, Java FontRenderContext, Java AttributedString, Java LineBreakMeasurer, Java Bidi, Java BreakIterator, Java Collator, Java Locale, Java ResourceBundle, Java Formatter, Java Format Conversion, Java SimpleDateFormat, Java DecimalFormat, Java MessageFormat, Java ChoiceFormat, Java ScannerDelimiter, Java System.Logger, Java Logger, Java Level, Java LogRecord, Java ConsoleHandler, Java FileHandler, Java MemoryHandler, Java SocketHandler, Java SimpleFormatter, Java XMLFormatter, Java Preferences, Java PreferenceChangeEvent, Java NodeChangeEvent, Java PrinterException, Java PrinterAbortException, Java PrintException, Java PrintQuality, Java PrintServiceAttribute, Java ServiceUI, Java Pageable, Java Printable, Java Book, Java TablePrintable, Java StreamPrintService, Java StreamPrintServiceFactory, Java Filer (Annotation Processing), Java Messager, Java ProcessingEnvironment, Java Element, Java ElementKind, Java ElementVisitor, Java PackageElement, Java TypeElement, Java VariableElement, Java ExecutableElement, Java AnnotationMirror, Java AnnotationValue, Java AnnotationProcessor, Java RoundEnvironment, Java TypeMirror, Java DeclaredType, Java ArrayType, Java TypeVariable, Java WildcardType, Java NoType, Java ErrorType, Java UnionType, Java IntersectionType, Java JavacTool, Java StandardJavaFileManager, Java Diagnostic, Java DiagnosticCollector, Java ForwardingJavaFileManager, Java ForwardingJavaFileObject, Java ForwardingJavaFileObject, Java SPI ServiceLoader, Java ToolProvider, Java DocumentationTool, Java JavaCompiler, Java JShellTool, Java DiagnosticListener, Java CompilationTask, Java ModuleElement, Java ModuleLayer, Java ModuleDescriptor, Java ModuleFinder

OLD before GPT Pro: Abstract Classes, Abstract Methods, Abstract Window Toolkit, Access Control Exception, Access Modifiers, Accessible Object, AccessController Class, Action Event, Action Listener, Action Performed Method, Adapter Classes, Adjustment Event, Adjustment Listener, Annotation Processing Tool, Annotations, AnnotationTypeMismatchException, Anonymous Classes, Applet Class, Applet Context, Applet Lifecycle Methods, Application Class Data Sharing, Array Blocking Queue, Array Index Out of Bounds Exception, Array List, Array Store Exception, Arrays Class, Assertion Error, Assertions, Assignment Operator, Asynchronous File Channel, Atomic Boolean, Atomic Integer, Atomic Long, Atomic Reference, Attribute Set, Audio Clip, Authentication Mechanisms, Auto Closeable Interface, Auto Boxing, AWT Components, AWT Event Queue, AWT Listeners, AWT Toolkit, Backing Store, Background Compilation, Batch Updates, Bean Context, Bean Descriptors, Bean Info, Big Decimal Class, Big Integer Class, Binary Compatibility, Binding Utilities, Bit Set Class, Bitwise Operators in Java, Blocking Queue Interface, Boolean Class, Bounded Wildcards, Breakpoint, Buffered Input Stream, Buffered Output Stream, Buffered Reader, Buffered Writer, BufferOverflowException, BufferUnderflowException, Button Class, Byte Array Input Stream, Byte Array Output Stream, Byte Order, ByteBuffer Class, Bytecode Instructions, Bytecode Verifier, Callable Interface, Callable Statement, Calendar Class, Canvas Class, Card Layout, Caret Listener, Case Sensitivity in Java, Casting in Java, Catch Block, Certificate Exception, Character Class, Character Encoding, Character Set, Character.UnicodeBlock, Charset Class, Checked Exceptions, Checkbox Class, Choice Component, Class Class, Class Files, Class Loader, Class Loader Hierarchy, Class Loading Mechanism, Class Not Found Exception, Class Object, Class Path, ClassCastException, ClassCircularityError, ClassFormatError, ClassLoader, ClassNotFoundException, Clone Method, CloneNotSupportedException, Cloneable Interface, Clipboard Class, Cloneable Interface, ClosedChannelException, Collections Framework, Collections Utility Class, Collector Interface, Collectors Class, Color Class, Column Major Order, Comparable Interface, Comparator Interface, Compiler API, Compiler Directives, Compiler Optimization, Component Class, Component Event, Component Listener, Composite Pattern, ConcurrentHashMap, ConcurrentLinkedQueue, ConcurrentModificationException, ConcurrentNavigableMap, ConcurrentSkipListMap, ConcurrentSkipListSet, Condition Interface, Connection Interface, Console Class, Constructor Overloading, Consumer Interface, Container Class, ContainerEvent, Content Handler, ContentHandlerFactory, Context Class Loader, Continue Statement, Control Flow Statements, CountDownLatch Class, CRC32 Class, Credential Management, Critical Section, CyclicBarrier Class, Daemon Threads, Data Class, Data Input Interface, Data Input Stream, Data Output Interface, Data Output Stream, Data Truncation Exception, Date Class, Daylight Saving Time Handling, Deadlock in Java, Debugging Techniques, DecimalFormat Class, Default Methods in Interfaces, Deflater Class, Deprecated Annotation, Design Patterns in Java, Desktop Class, Diamond Operator, Dialog Class, Dictionary Class, DigestInputStream, DigestOutputStream, Direct Byte Buffer, DirectoryStream Interface, Document Object Model, DOM Parsing in Java, Double Brace Initialization, Double Class, Drag and Drop API, Driver Manager, Drop Shadow Effect, Dynamic Binding, Dynamic Proxy Classes, Element Interface, Ellipse2D Class, EmptyStackException, Encapsulation in Java, Enum Classes, Enum Constant, EnumSet Class, Enumeration Interface, EOFException, Error Handling in Java, Error Prone Practices, Event Delegation Model, Event Handling Mechanism, Event Listener Interfaces, Event Object, Event Queue, EventQueue Class, Exception Chaining, Exception Handling Mechanism, Executable Jar Files, Executor Interface, Executor Service, Executors Class, Expression Evaluation, Extends Keyword, Externalizable Interface, File Class, File Channel, File Descriptor, File Filter Interface, File Input Stream, File Lock Mechanism, File Output Stream, File Permission, File Reader, File Writer, FileDialog Class, FilenameFilter Interface, FileNotFoundException, Final Classes, Final Keyword, Finally Block, Finalize Method, Finalizer Guardian Idiom, Float Class, Flow Layout, Flow API, Focus Listener, Font Class, For Each Loop, ForkJoinPool Class, Formatter Class, Frame Class, Functional Interfaces, Future Interface, FutureTask Class, Garbage Collection Mechanism, Garbage Collector, Generics in Java, Generic Methods, Generic Types, Geometry Classes, Glyph Vector, GradientPaint Class, Graphics Class, Graphics2D Class, Grid Bag Constraints, Grid Bag Layout, Grid Layout, GregorianCalendar Class, Group Layout, GUI Components in Java, GZIPInputStream, GZIPOutputStream, Hash Collision, Hash Function, Hash Map Class, Hash Set Class, Hashtable Class, HashCode Method, Headless Exception, Heap Memory, Hello World Program in Java, Hierarchical Inheritance, High-Level Concurrency API, HTTP Client in Java, HTTP Server in Java, Icon Interface, Identifier Naming Convention, If Statement, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalMonitorStateException, IllegalStateException, IllegalThreadStateException, Image Class, ImageIcon Class, Immutable Classes, Import Statement, InaccessibleObjectException, Inheritance in Java, InitialContext Class, Inner Classes, Input Method Framework, Input Stream, InputStreamReader Class, Instance Initializer Block, Instance Variables, InstantiationException, Integer Class, Integer Overflow and Underflow, InterruptedException, InterruptedIOException, Interface in Java, InternalError, Internationalization, IO Exception, IO Streams in Java, Iterable Interface, Iterator Interface, Jar Entry, Jar File, JarInputStream Class, JarOutputStream Class, Java Access Bridge, Java Annotations, Java API Documentation, Java Applets, Java Archive (JAR), Java Beans, Java Bytecode, Java Class Library, Java Collections Framework, Java Community Process, Java Compiler, Java Database Connectivity (JDBC), Java Development Kit (JDK), Java Documentation Comments, Java Flight Recorder, Java Garbage Collector, Java Generics, Java Memory Model, Java Native Interface (JNI), Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI), Java Network Launching Protocol (JNLP), Java Platform, Java Plugin, Java Reflection API, Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI), Java Runtime Environment (JRE), Java Security Manager, Java Serialization, Java Server Pages (JSP), Java Stream API, Java Swing, Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Java Web Start, JavaFX Platform, javax Package, Javadoc Tool, JAR Signing Mechanism, JDBC API, JDBC Drivers, JFrame Class, JIT Compiler, JLabel Class, JLayeredPane Class, JList Component, JMenu Component, JOptionPane Class, JPanel Class, JPasswordField Component, JProgressBar Component, JScrollBar Component, JScrollPane Component, JSeparator Component, JSlider Component, JSplitPane Component, JTabbedPane Component, JTable Component, JTextArea Component, JTextField Component, JTextPane Component, JToolBar Component, JTree Component, JVM Arguments, JVM Memory Model, Key Event, Key Listener Interface, Key Stroke Class, KeyException, KeySpec Interface, Keyword in Java, Label Class, Lambda Expressions in Java, Layout Manager, LayoutManager2 Interface, Lazy Initialization, Leaf Nodes, Legacy Classes in Java, LineNumberReader Class, Linked Blocking Queue, Linked Hash Map, Linked Hash Set, Linked List Class, List Interface, List Iterator Interface, Listener Interfaces in Java, Load Factor in HashMap, Locale Class, Lock Interface, Logger Class, Logging API in Java, Long Class, Main Method in Java, MalformedURLException, Map Interface, Map.Entry Interface, Marker Interface, Math Class, Media Tracker, Memory Leak in Java, Memory Management in Java, Menu Class, Message Digest, Method Chaining, Method Overloading, Method Overriding, Methods in Java, MIDI Devices in Java, Mouse Adapter Class, Mouse Event, Mouse Listener Interface, Multi-Catch Exception, Multi-Level Inheritance, Multicast Socket, Multidimensional Arrays, Mutable Objects in Java, Naming Convention in Java, Native Methods, Navigable Map, Navigable Set, Nested Classes in Java, Network Interface Class, NoClassDefFoundError, NoSuchFieldException, NoSuchMethodException, Non-Blocking IO (NIO), Null Pointer Exception, Number Class, Number Format Exception, NumberFormat Class, Object Class, Object Cloning, Object Input Stream, Object Oriented Programming, Object Output Stream, Object Serialization in Java, Observer Pattern, Observable Class, OpenGL in Java, Optional Class, OutOfMemoryError, Override Annotation, Package Declaration, Packages in Java, Paint Interface, Panel Class, Parallel Garbage Collector, Parameter Passing in Java, ParseException, Path Interface, Pattern Class, Piped Input Stream, Piped Output Stream, PixelGrabber Class, Point Class, Polymorphism in Java, Prepared Statement, Primitive Data Types in Java, PrintStream Class, PrintWriter Class, Priority Blocking Queue, Priority Queue Class, Private Access Modifier, Process Class, Process Builder Class, Progress Monitor Class, Properties Class, Protected Access Modifier, Proxy Class, Public Access Modifier, Queue Interface, RadioButton Class, Random Access File, Reader Class, ReadWriteLock Interface, Rectangle Class, Recursive Methods, Reflection API in Java, Reference Queue, Regular Expressions in Java, Remote Method Invocation (RMI), Render Quality, Repeatable Annotations, Resource Bundle Class, Resource Leak in Java, ResultSet Interface, ResultSetMetaData Interface, Retry Logic in Java, Return Statement in Java, Runnable Interface, Runtime Class, Runtime Error, Runtime Exception, Runtime Permissions, Runtime Polymorphism, Scanner Class, Scheduling in Java, Script Engine, Scroll Bar Component, Scroll Pane Component, Security Exception, Security Manager, Semaphore Class, Sequence Input Stream, Serializable Interface, ServerSocket Class, Service Loader, Set Interface, Setter Methods, Shared Memory in Java, Short Class, Single Inheritance, Singleton Pattern in Java, Socket Class, SocketTimeoutException, Sorted Map, Sorted Set, Splash Screen, Spring Framework, SQLException, SSL Socket, Stack Class, StackOverflowError, Standard Edition of Java, StandardOpenOption, Statement Interface, StreamTokenizer Class, Strictfp Keyword, String Buffer Class, String Builder Class, String Class, String Constant Pool, StringIndexOutOfBoundsException, String Interning, String Literal in Java, String Pool in Java, String Tokenizer Class, Strong Typing in Java, Structural Patterns, Stub Class, Subclasses in Java, Superclass in Java, Supplier Interface, Support Classes, Swing Components, Swing Timer, Switch Statement in Java, Synchronized Block, Synchronized Method, System Class, System Properties in Java, Tab Pane Component, Table Model Interface, TCP Connection in Java, Template Method Pattern, Text Area Component, Text Field Component, Text Listener Interface, Thread Class, Thread Group, Thread Interruption, Thread Local Class, Thread Priority, Thread Safety in Java, Thread Scheduling, Throwable Class, Time Zone Class, Timer Class, Timer Task Class, Toolkit Class, ToolTip Manager, Transferable Interface, Transient Keyword, Tree Map Class, Tree Set Class, Try With Resources Statement, Type Erasure in Java, Type Inference in Java, Type Parameters, UI Manager Class, Unary Operator Interface, Unchecked Exceptions, UndeclaredThrowableException, Unicode Support in Java, Unmodifiable Collection, Unsafe Class, URL Class, URLConnection Class, URLDecoder Class, URLEncoder Class, URLStreamHandler Class, URLClassLoader Class, User Interface Components, Varargs in Java, Variable Arguments, Variable Scope in Java, Vector Class, Vendor-Specific Extensions, Viewport Class, Virtual Machine in Java, Volatile Keyword, Wait and Notify Methods, Weak Hash Map, Weak Reference, While Loop in Java, Wildcard Generic Types, Window Adapter Class, Window Event, Window Listener Interface, Wrapper Classes in Java, Write Once Run Anywhere, XML Binding in Java, XML Parsing in Java, XML Schema in Java, XPath Expression in Java, XSLT Transformation in Java, Yield Method in Thread, Zip Entry, Zip File, Zip Input Stream, Zip Output Stream, ZoneId Class, ZoneOffset Class

Java: Java Best Practices (Effective Java), Java Fundamentals, Java Inventor - Java Language Designer: James Gosling of Sun Microsystems, Java Docs, JDK, JVM, JRE, Java Keywords, JDK 17 API Specification, java.base, Java Built-In Data Types, Java Data Structures - Java Algorithms, Java Syntax, Java OOP - Java Design Patterns, Java Installation, Java Containerization, Java Configuration, Java Compiler, Java Transpiler, Java IDEs (IntelliJ - Eclipse - NetBeans), Java Development Tools, Java Linter, JetBrains, Java Testing (JUnit, Hamcrest, Mockito), Java on Android, Java on Windows, Java on macOS, Java on Linux, Java DevOps - Java SRE, Java Data Science - Java DataOps, Java Machine Learning, Java Deep Learning, Functional Java, Java Concurrency, Java History,

Java Bibliography (Effective Java, Head First Java, Java - A Beginner's Guide by Herbert Schildt, Java Concurrency in Practice, Clean Code by Robert C. Martin, Java - The Complete Reference by Herbert Schildt, Java Performance by Scott Oaks, Thinking in Java, Java - How to Program by Paul Deitel, Modern Java in Action, Java Generics and Collections by Maurice Naftalin, Spring in Action, Java Network Programming by Elliotte Rusty Harold, Functional Programming in Java by Pierre-Yves Saumont, Well-Grounded Java Developer, Second Edition, Java Module System by Nicolai Parlog), Manning Java Series, Java Glossary - Glossaire de Java - French, Java Topics, Java Courses, Java Security - Java DevSecOps, Java Standard Library, Java Libraries, Java Frameworks, Java Research, Java GitHub, Written in Java, Java Popularity, Java Awesome List, Java Versions. (navbar_java and navbar_java_detailed - see also navbar_jvm, navbar_java_concurrency, navbar_java_standard_library, navbar_java_libraries, navbar_java_best_practices, navbar_openjdk, navbar_java_navbars, navbar_kotlin)

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java_language_specification_java_se_17_edition_table_of_contents.txt · Last modified: 2025/02/01 06:48 by 127.0.0.1